Tooni Biɛlimpahirili
Tooni biɛlimpahirili nyɛla biɛlimpahirili shɛli ŋa kanina pɔi ni bachi nyabili.[1] Yɛltɔɣa wuhibu ni bɔhimbu puuni, tooni biɛlimpahirili n lahi nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛli ni preformative, dominchi di nyɛla ŋa n taɣiri bachi shɛli ŋa ni tabiliri maa biɛhigu.
Kamani biɛlimpahira kam, tooni biɛlimpahira tooi zooi ka ŋa nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛli ni inflectional la ŋa namdi bachi palli ka bi taɣiri bachi maa maŋmaŋa gbunni ni nyɛ shɛli ka di bɛ ni boli shɛli ni di lexical category bee di derivational la gba na kuli nyɛ di ni nyɛ shɛli, ka di namdi bachi palli ŋa ka ŋa mali gbunni palli ka saha shɛŋa mii ni gba ka di bɛ ni boli shɛli ni lexical category la gba taɣi.[2] Kamani biɛlimpahira kam, tooni biɛlimpahira tooi zooi ka ŋanima nyɛla mɔfim tuɣira.[1]
Siliminsili puuni bɛ ni boli shɛli ni inflectional tooni biɛlimpahira la ka ni, bɛ naɣi malila nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira n mali tumdi ŋa tuma. Tooni biɛlimpahirili yi tabili bachi piligu Siliminsili ni, lala bachi pubu taɣiri n lɛbi bachi shɛli dabam. Kamani di yi ti niŋ ka tooni biɛlimpahirili ŋɔ un- yɛn tabili bachi ŋɔ happy (suhupiɛlli), di namila bachi palli ŋa nyɛ (suhugarigu) unhappy.
Tooni biɛlimpahirili maŋmaŋa malila nyabili shɛli ŋa bi taɣira bee ŋa ku tooi n taɣi (fix) (din wuhiri "tabilibu" ti bɔhimbu ŋɔ puuni),ni tooni (pre-)(din yɛri n-tiri "ŋa doli na"), ka ŋa zaa nyɛ ŋa yi Latin bachi tuŋa ni na.
Siliminsili
mali niŋTooni biɛlimpahira ŋa be Siliminsili ni ni yina luɣ'shɛŋa yuya
mali niŋDinbɔŋɔ nyɛla din mali hankali pariga ka tɔm n ka wumsim, luɣ'shɛŋa Siliminsili ni tooni biɛlimpahira yibu shee na. Dinbɔŋɔ dolila niri ni nya ka bɛ ni boli shɛli ni derivational prefix la shɛm, bɛ ni boli shɛli ni neoclassical combining forms la shɛŋa beni n ni tooi bee ka ku tooi n pahi lala yuya ŋɔ ni. Lala yuya ŋɔ nyɛla din saɣi n-ti ni bɛ ni noli shɛli ni acro- mini auto- la nyɛla ŋa n pahi Siliminsili ni derivational tooni biɛlimpahira la ni dominchi di mini tooni biɛlimpahira zaa tumdila tun'yinsi kamani over- mini self- do.
Bɛ ni boli shɛli ni numeral tooni biɛlimpahira din dina ŋa yoli n be ŋa pubu ni la ko n be kpe. Teebuli titali ŋa n do gbunni ŋɔ mali ŋanima zaa bin din gbaai bɛ ni boli shɛli ni Numeral prefix > Table of number prefixes in English.
| Prefix | Meaning | Example | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| a- | "not" | asymmetric, "not symmetric" | takes the form an- before vowels; see privative alpha |
| acro- | "high" | acrophobia, "fear of heights" (more) | |
| allo- | "other" | allotransplantation, "transplant of tissue from another person" (more) | |
| alter- | "other" | alter ego, "other personality" (more) | |
| ante- | "prior" | antebellum, "before a war" | |
| anti- | "opposite" | anti-inflammatory, "against inflammation" (more) | |
| auto- | "by oneself or itself" | automobile, "moves itself" (more) | |
| bi- | "two" | bicentennial, "consisting of or occurring every two centuries"
binomial, "two terms" |
See number prefixes in English |
| co- | "together" | cooperation, "working together" | takes the form con- before vowels |
| cis- | "on the same side" | cisgenesis, "genes don't change within breeding and birth setting" | |
| contra- | "below" ; "against" | contraindication, "against indication" (more) | |
| counter- | "against" | countermeasure, "action against" (more) | |
| de- | "negative, remove" | deactivate, "stop from working" | |
| di- | "two" | diatomic, "two atoms"
dipole, "two poles" |
See number prefixes in English |
| dis- | "negative, remove" | disappear, "vanish" (more) | |
| down- | "down"; "reduce" | downshift, "shift to a lower gear" downregulation, "regulation toward lessened expression" (more) |
|
| dys- | "negative, badly, wrongly" | dysfunction, "bad function" (more) | |
| epi- | "upon addition" , "above" | epidural, "outside the dura mater" (more) | |
| extra- | "to a greater extent" ; "beyond" | extracellular, "outside a cell" (more) | |
| fore- | "before" | foresight, "seeing beforehand" (more) | |
| hemi- | "half" | hemisphere, "half of a sphere" (more) | See number prefixes in English |
| hexa- | "six" | hexagon, "six-sided polygon" (more) | See number prefixes in English |
| hyper- | "beyond" | hypercalcemia, "too much calcium in the blood" (more) | See hyper |
| hypo- | "marginal"; "not enough" | hypokalemia, "not enough potassium in the blood" (more) | |
| ig- | "not" | ignoble, "not noble" ignorant, (from roots meaning) "not knowing" (more) |
ig- (before gn- or n-), il- (before l-), im- (before b-, m-, or p-), in- (before most letters), or ir- (before r-) |
| il- | "not" | illegal, "not legal" (more) | ig- (before gn- or n-), il- (before l-), im- (before b-, m-, or p-), in- (before most letters), or ir- (before r-) |
| im- | "not" | imbalance, "lack of balance" (more) | ig- (before gn- or n-), il- (before l-), im- (before b-, m-, or p-), in- (before most letters), or ir- (before r-) |
| in- | "not" | inactive, "not active" | ig- (before gn- or n-), il- (before l-), im- (before b-, m-, or p-), in- (before most letters), or ir- (before r-) |
| infra- | "below" | infrared, "below red on the spectrum" (more) | |
| inter- | "between" | interobserver, "between observers" (more) | |
| intra- | "within" | intracellular, "inside a cell" (more) | |
| ir- | "not" | irregular, "not regular" (more) | ig- (before gn- or n-), il- (before l-), im- (before b-, m-, or p-), in- (before most letters), or ir- (before r-) |
| macro- | "large-scale" ; "exceptionally prominent" | macroeconomics, "workings of entire economies" (more) | |
| mal- | "unpleasant", "not" | malocclusion, "bad occlusion" (more) | |
| maxi- | "big", "as big as possible" | maxi-single, "single with extras" (more) | |
| meso- | "middle" | mesoamerican, "middle of the Americas" (more) | |
| meta- | "self-referential" | metadata, "data that provides information about other data" (more) | |
| micro- | "small-scale" | micrometer, "small-measurement instrument" (more) | |
| mid- | "middle" | midportion, "middle part" (more) | |
| mini- | "small" | miniature, "small"; "smaller version" (more) | |
| mis- | "bad", "wrong" | misspelling, "incorrect spelling" (more) | |
| mono- | "one" | monotheism, "belief in one god" (more) | See number prefixes in English |
| multi- | "many", "more than one" | multiplex, "many signals in one circuit" (more) | |
| non- | "no", "not" | nonstop, "without stopping" (more) | |
| octo- | "eight" | octopus, "eight-footed" (more) | See number prefixes in English |
| over- | "excess", "too much"; "on top" |
overexpression, "too much expression" overcoat, "outer coat" (more) |
|
| pan- | "all" | pancytopenia, "low counts across all [blood] cell types" pan-American, "involving all of the Americas" pansexual, "sexually attracted to people of all genders" (more) |
Sometimes "all-" is used, especially in Asian English, where All-Union was a standard translation of the Russian word meaning "pan-USSR" or "USSR-wide", and "All-India" is a similar standard term in India, comparable to words such as national, nationwide, or federal (in the case of federations). |
| para- | "beside"; "beyond"; "related to"; "altered" | paranormal, "beyond the normal" paresthesia, "altered sensation" paramilitary, "military-like" (more) |
|
| penta- | "five" | pentateuch, "the five books of Moses" (more) | See number prefixes in English |
| per- | "through"; "throughout" | percutaneous, "through the skin" (more) | |
| peri- | "around" | pericardial, "around the heart" (more) | |
| poly- | "many" | polyglot, "many languages" (more) | |
| post- | "after" | postoperative, "after surgery" (more) | |
| pre- | "before"; "already" | preassembled, "already built" (more) | |
| pro- | "on behalf of" ; "before" | pro-science, "in favor of science" (more) | |
| proto- | "first"; "primitive"; "precursor" | Proto-Indo-European, "precursor of Indo-European" prototype, "first or prime example" (more) |
|
| pseudo- | "false", "specious" | pseudonym, "fake name" (more) | |
| quadri- | "four" | quadrilateral, "four-sided" (more) | See number prefixes in English |
| quasi- | "somewhat", "resembling" | quasiparticulate, "resembling particles" (more) | |
| re- | "again" | reestablish, "establish again" (more) | |
| self- | "[acting on or by] oneself" | self-cleaning, "cleans itself" (more) | By normative convention, always hyphenated (except for a few multiprefix compounds such as unselfconscious) |
| semi- | "partial"; "somewhat"; "half" | semiarid, "somewhat arid" (more) | See number prefixes in English |
| sub- | "below" | subzero, "below zero" (more) | |
| super- | "above"; "more than"; "great" | supermarket, "big market" (more) | |
| supra- | "above" | supraorbital, "above the eye sockets" (more) | |
| tetra- | "four" | tetravalent, "four valence electrons" (more) | See number prefixes in English |
| trans- | "across"; "connecting" | transatlantic, "across the Atlantic Ocean" (more) | |
| tri- | "three" | tripartite, "three parts" (more) | |
| ultra- | "beyond"; "extremely" | ultraviolet, "beyond violet on the spectrum" (more) | |
| un- | "not"; "remove"; "opposite" | unopened, "not opened" (more) | |
| under- | "beneath"; "not enough" | underexposure, "not enough exposure" (more) | |
| up- | "up"; "increase" | upshift, "shift to a higher gear" upregulation, "regulation toward increased expression" (more) |
|
| xeno- | "foreign" | xenophobia, "fear of strangers or foreigners" xenotransplantation, "transplant from another species" (more) |
Hyphenation
mali niŋSuhuyurim shɛli ŋa be tooni biɛlimpahira shɛŋa ŋa mali bɛ ni boli shɛli ni hyphenation bee solid styling la ka ŋa be Siliminsili ni la bela bɛ ni boli shɛli ni Hyphen > Prefixes and suffixes la ni.
Japanese nima balli
mali niŋJapanese nima ni tooi n mali tooni biɛlimpahira shɛŋa n tumdi bɛ tuma shɛŋa n-nyɛ お〜 (o-) mini ご〜 (go-). Bɛ malila ŋanima bɛ yɛltɔɣa ni n zaani bɛ ni boli shɛli ni honorific system of speech la zaashee ka ŋanima yɛra n wuhiri yɛltɔɣa sumaŋa bee yɛltɔɣa viɛla ŋa tiri ŋa ni yɛri so bee binshɛli ŋa ni tabili. Di lahi nyɛla bɛ ni tooi n zooi ka bɛ mali shɛli n mahiri yɛltɔɣa.[3][4]
Bantu nima bala
mali niŋBal'shɛba ba nyɛ Bantu nima ka be Africa la nima yɛltɔɣa puuni,di wuhiya ni bɛ ni boli shɛli ni agglutinating la ni ka bachinamdili pubu yirila tooni biɛlimpahira ni na ka nyɛ di labi nyaaŋa n ti taɣi n deei di yeli kam.[5]
Luganda nima shɛhiranima
mali niŋ| Noun class | Prefix |
|---|---|
| 1 | o-mu- |
| 1a | ∅ |
| 2 | a-ba- |
| 3 | o-mu- |
| 4 | e-mi- |
| 5 | e-ri-/CC- |
| 6 | a-ma- |
| 7 | e-ki- |
| 8 | e-bi- |
| 9 | e-N- |
| 10 | e-N-/zi- |
ò-mú-límí
AG-CL1-farmer
ò-mú-néné
AG-CL1-fat
ò-mú-kâddé
AG-CL1-old
ò-mú
AG.one
à-∅-gênda
he-PRES-go
The one, old, fat farmer goes.
Navajo
mali niŋBachiniŋda ŋa be Navajo nima yɛltɔɣa puuni nyɛla ŋa nam n yi bachi nyabili ni na ka mali biɛlimpahira zaɣ'bɔbigu ŋanima ni. Shɛhira, bachiniŋdili kam tu ni ŋa mali tooni biɛlimpahira ŋa nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛli ni non-syllabic la dibaa anahi la ni yini (∅, ł, d, l) di yɛn che ka di ni tooi n nam bachiniŋdili bachikpani.[6]
Sunwar
mali niŋSunwar nima ban be Eastern Nepal polo ŋɔ yɛltɔɣa, tooni biɛlimpahirili ŋɔ ma- म nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli n namdi zaɣisibu bachiniŋda siliminsi ni boli shɛli ni negative verbs. Di konko n-nyɛ tooni biɛlimpahirili bɛ yɛltɔɣa puuni.
Russian
mali niŋDi yi bachinamda nambu polo nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira galisim gari tooni biɛlimpahira amaa ka tooni biɛlimpahira ŋɔ lee n tooi taɣiri bachi gbunni.
пред- and положение 'position' becomes предположение 'supposition' пре- and образование 'formation (verb)' becomes преобразование 'transformation'[8]
German
mali niŋGerman ni bɛ ni boli shɛli ni derivatives la yi ti deei tooni biɛlimpahira ŋa nyɛla ŋa ni tooi pu yaɣa ayi ni: ŋa pahi bachinamda mini bachibuɣisira zuɣu n tumdi tum ni ŋa pahi bachiniŋda zuɣu ŋa tuma ni.[9] yuuni 1970 la ni, bɛ ni boli shɛli ni derivative bachinamda mini bachibuɣisira la ni, bɛ ni boli shɛli ni productive tooni biɛlimpahira la dibaa ayi konko n ni tooi n tabili bachinamda bee bachibuɣisira: un-, nyɛla ŋa wuhiri bi (kamani ungesund, ŋa yi gesund puuni na), ni ur-, ŋa wuhiri "original, primitive" bachinamda puuni ka kpaŋsiri yɛltɔɣa bachibuɣisira ni. ge-, mii gba nyɛla ŋa wuhiri laɣimbu bachi shɛŋa ŋa laɣim ka ŋmani taba ni— amaa di bi tooi n tabindi bachinamda bee bachibuɣisira.[10]
Bachiniŋda tooni biɛlimpahira shɛŋa ŋa tooi n tumdi tuma yɛltɔɣa ni n-nyɛ be-, ent-, er-, ge-, miss-, ver-, ni zer- (a ni tooi n lahi nya Separable verb).[10] be- wuhiri la kpaŋsibu bee generalization. ent- ka di wuhiri bi. ge- ka ŋa wuhiri niŋsim bahigu ka di che ka ŋa tooi tumdi tuma yɛltɔɣa ni ka lahi n pahi bachiniŋda niŋsim ŋa pun niŋ la ni; ver- nyɛla ŋa kpaŋsiri tuma yɛltɔɣa ni bee ka ŋa sɔŋsiri ka bachinamda bee bachibuɣisira lɛbiri bachiniŋdili.[9] Saha shɛŋa ni tooni biɛlimpahirili ŋɔ ent- (bi) ni tooi n-nyɛ be- lɛbili ka er- mii nyɛ ver-lɛbili.[11][12]
Tooni biɛlimpahirili ŋɔ er- tooi zooi ka ŋa wuhiri niŋsim bahigu viɛyelinga ka saha shɛŋa ni ka ŋa koobu wuhiri kum bee kpibu.[13] Di tooi n mali bachiniŋda biɛla n wuhiri niŋsim piligu.[9][13] Tooni biɛlimpahirili ŋɔ er- gba tooi n sɔŋdi ka bachiniŋda namdi n yirina bachibuɣisira puuni (Shɛhira erkalten mini kalt werden ŋa wuhiri "to get cold" la nyɛla yim).[13]
A ni tooi n lahi nya
mali niŋ- Biɛlimpahira
- Nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira
- Privative
- Mɔfim sumaŋa mini mɔfim tuɣirili
- English prefix
- List of Greek and Latin roots in English
- substring#Prefix
- Metric prefix
Kundivihira
mali niŋ- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Wilson 2011, p. 152–153.
- ↑ Beard, Robert (1998). "She Derivation". The Handbook of Morphology. Blackwell. pp. 44–45.
- ↑ Miyake, Yoshimi (1999). The Japanese deferential prefix o: A natural history (PhD) (in English). University of Michigan. hdl:2027.42/131729. Retrieved 2021-05-12.
- ↑ Kaiser, Stefan; Ichikawa, Yasuko; Kobayashi, Noriko; Yamamoto, Hilofumi (2013). Japanese: A Comprehensive Grammar. pp. 29–31. ISBN 9780415687393.
- ↑ Nurse, Derek; Philippson, Gérard, eds. (2003). The Bantu languages. London: Routledge. pp. 103–110. ISBN 9780700711345.
- ↑ Young & Morgan (1980). The Navajo Language: A Grammar and Colloquial Dictionary. University of New Mexico Press. p. 99.
- ↑ Borchers, D. (2008). A Grammar of Sunwar: Descriptive Grammar, Paradigms, Texts and Glossary. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 169.
- ↑ Wade, T. (2000). A Comprehensive Russian Grammar. Blackwell Publishers. pp. 32, 33. ISBN 9781405136396.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 a short history of the german language (in English). Taylor & Francis.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Cf. Chambers, W. Walker and Wilkie, John R. (1970) A Short History of the German Language, London: Methuen & Company, Ltd., p. 63
- ↑ Boileau, Daniel (1820). The Nature and Genius of the German Language: Displayed in a More Extended Review of Its Grammatical Forms Than is to be Found in Any Grammar Extant, and Elucidated by Quotations from the Best Writers (in English). T. Boosey and sons.
- ↑ Maylor, B. Roger (2002-01-01). Lexical Template Morphology: Change of State and the Verbal Prefixes in German (in English). John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-3061-4.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Schmidt, Karl A. (1974-01-01). Easy Ways to Enlarge Your German Vocabulary (in English). Courier Corporation. ISBN 978-0-486-23044-3.