Nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili

Yɛltɔɣa baŋsim puuni, nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili nyɛla biɛlimpahirili shɛli ŋa n tabiliri bachi nyabili bahigu. Shɛhira shɛŋa ŋavni tooi n yirina n-nyɛ case endings, ŋa n wuhiri bɛ ni boli shɛli ni grammatical case la bachinamda mini bachibuɣisira n ti pahi bachiniŋdili bahigu ŋa laɣimdi taba n namdi bachiniŋda. Nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira ni tooi n mali girama lahabali ŋa puuni (ŋa nyɛ bɛ ni yɛli ni shɛli inflectional endings) bee ŋa nyɛ lexical information (derivational/lexical nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira) la. Bɛ ni boli shɛli ni inflection la n-nyɛ ŋa taɣiri bachi girama biɛhigu nahingbana bɛ ni boli shɛli ni di syntactic category la ni. Derivational nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira malila kpatuɣa ayi, ŋanima n-nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛŋa ni: class-changing derivation mini class-maintaining derivation la.

nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili

Yaɣ sheli	Biɛlimpahirili
Entry in abbreviations table	ਪ੍ਰਤ੍ਯ.
Yaɣili	tooni biɛlimpahirili

Bɛ ni boli shɛli ni Semitic yɛltɔɣa la bɔhimbu puuni, nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli ni affirmatives dominchi ŋanima ni tooi n taɣi bachinima biɛhigu. Indo-European nima wuhibu ni bɔhimbu puuni, waligimsim bela nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili mini bachi bahigu ni (nyami Proto-Indo-European root).

Bachi bahigu yaɣ'shɛli ŋa be mɔfim sumaŋa mini mɔfim tuɣirili sunsuuni yuli n booni suffixoid bee semi-suffix (Shɛhira, English -like bee German -freundlich "zosimili bee zosumtali").

Shɛhiranima

Siliminsili ni

Girls—di puuni -s n-nyɛ ŋa nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili ka ŋa wuhiri zaɣ'bɔbigu.

He makes—ŋa nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili n-nyɛ -s ka ŋa yɛri n-tiri bɛ yɛli shɛli ni third person singular present tense.

It closed—ŋa nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili n-nyɛ -ed ka ŋa wuhiri niŋsim din pun niŋ n gari.

It's brighter—ka ŋa nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili nyɛ -er ka ŋa wuhiri Comparative.

Faringa

De beaux jours—ŋa nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili n-nyɛ -x ka ŋa wuhiri galisim.

Elle est passablement jolie —di nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili n-nyɛ -e ka ŋa buɣisiri paɣa biɛhiga bachibuɣirili puuni.

German

mein Computer—ŋa ni be shɛm maa che mi ka ŋa ka nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira ka bɛ ni boli shɛli ni nominative la ka nyɛ "unmarked"

meines Computers—genitive case

meinem Computer—dative case

meinen Computer—accusative case

Russian

мой компьютер—ŋa nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira kalinsi bachinima ŋɔ ni wuhiri la di nominative ka ŋa nyɛ "unmarked"

моего компьютера—genitive case

моему компьютеру—dative case

мой компьютер—accusative case

за-туш-и-ть свечу—ŋa tuuli bachi maa malila -и- ka di nyɛ ŋa nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili ka -ть mii bahindili (infinitive form); bachi din pahiri ayi ka bahindiri ni -у (accusative case, singular, feminine).

добр-о-жел-а-тель-н-ый—добр- bachi tuŋa bee jilkpeeni, -о- interfix, -жел- jilkpeeni, verbal -a- interfix, nominal -тель nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili, bachibuɣisirili -н- nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili, bachibuɣisirili -ый di bahigu (nominative case, singular, masculine).

Barngarla

wárraidya "emu" — ŋa nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira kalinsi maa yi la ŋa girama kalinli ni na, zaɣ'gaŋsi, ka nyɛ "unmarked"

wárraidyalbili "two emus" — dual

wárraidyarri "emus" — zaɣ'bɔbigu

wárraidyailyarranha "ŋa malila emus zaɣ'bɔbigu", "heaps of emus" — superplural

Inflectional suffixes

Bɛ ni boli shɛli ni Inflection la n-nyɛ ŋa taɣiri bachi girama biɛhigu bɛ ni boli shɛli ni di syntactic category la ni. Inflectional nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili ni bɛ ni lahi n booni shɛli ni desinence la ni ka bala pam tooi n baŋdi dinbɔŋɔ. Kamani Shɛhira ŋɔ ni:

I was hoping the cloth wouldn't fade, but it has faded quite a bit (N di malila ni chinchini bi paligi tɔ amaa di pun paligi zaa).

Nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili ŋɔ -d zaŋla girama zalisi n taɣi bachi tuŋa ŋɔ fade ka ŋa wuhiri niŋsim din pun niŋ n gari.

Inflectional nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira bi taɣiri bachi maa bachi pubu inflection nyaaŋa . Inflectional nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira ŋa be punpɔŋɔ na Siliminsili ni n-nyɛ:

Bachiniŋda

• -s third person singular simple present indicative active
• -ed ŋa wuhiri la niŋsim din pun n niŋ gari ka lahi n-nyɛ past participle
• -t niŋsim din pun n niŋ gari (weak irregular)
• -ing present participle and gerund
• -en past participle (irregular)

Bachinamda

• -s ŋa wuhiri zaɣ'bɔbigu kalinli
• -en zaɣ'bɔbigu (irregular)

Bachibuɣisira mini bachiniŋdipahira

• -er comparative degree
• -est superlative degree

Derivation

Bɛ bi boli shɛli ni derivational nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira malila yaɣa ayi: class-changing derivation mini class-maintaining derivation. Ŋa Siliminsili ni nima n-nyɛ:

• -able/-ible (ŋa tooi n taɣiri bachiniŋda ka di lɛbiri bachi bachibuɣisira)
• -al /-ual (ŋa zooya ka di che ka bachinamda lɛbiri bachibuɣisira)
• -ant (ŋa taɣiri la bachiniŋda ka di lɛbiri bachinamda ka ŋa tooi n zooi ka di yɛri n-tiri ninsala)
• -ess (di nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli ni class-maintaining, ka ŋa bachi pubu kpalimdi bachinamdili puuni)
• -ful (ŋa zooi ka di yihiri bachinamda n labisiri bachibuɣisira ni)
• -fy (di yihiri la bachinamda n niŋ bachiniŋda puuni)
• -hood (di tooi n zooi ka di nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli ni class-maintaining, ka ŋa bachi pubu kpalimdi ni bachinamdili)
• -ise/-ize (di yihiri la bachinamda n niŋdi bachiniŋda ni)
• -ish (ŋa yihiri la bachinamda n chani bachibuɣisira ni bee ka di bi taɣi di bachi pubu ka che ka bachi kpalim bachibuɣisirili ni)
• -ism (di bi taɣiri bachi pubu, bachi maa kpalimdi la bachinamdili ni)
• -ist (ŋa bi taɣiri bachi pubu ka che ka bachi kpalimdi bachinamdili ni)
• -ity (di yihiri la bachibuɣisira n labiri bachinamda ni)
• -less (ŋa yihiri la bachinamda n niŋdi bachibuɣisira ni)
• -like (di yihiri la bachinamda n niŋdi bachibuɣisira ni)
• -logy/-ology (di bi taɣiri bachi pubu, bachi maa kpalimdi la bachinamdili ni)
• -ly (di yihiri la bachibuɣisira n niŋdi bachiniŋdipahira ni saha shɛŋa mii ni ka di yihiri bachinamda n niŋdi bachibuɣisira ni)
• -ment (di yihiri la bachiniŋda n niŋdi bachinamda ni)
• -ness (di yihiri la bachibuɣisira n niŋdi bachinamda ni)
• -oid (di yihiri la bachinamda n niŋdi bachibuɣisira ni)
• -tion/-ion/-ation (di yihiri la bachiniŋda n niŋdi bachinamda ni)
• -um (di ni tooi n be bachi shɛŋa ni n-nyɛ) museum; stadium; auditorium; aquarium; planetarium; medium
• -wise ŋa yila wīse ni na ("manner, way, condition, direction")

Altered pronunciation in English

Nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili tooi zooi ka ŋa taɣiri yee bee bachi kumsi din be bachi shɛli ŋa mali bɛ ni boli shɛli ni multi-syllable la ni n taɣiri bachi tuŋa maa kumsi hali hali gba di yi niŋ ka lala bachi tuŋa mɔfoloji nyɛ din bi taɣi. Waligimsim din be bɛ ni noli shɛli ni "photograph" mini "photography" la nyɛla shɛhirili yini. Di puuni, bachikɔbili ŋɔ "-y" din bahindiri li maa wuhiya ni di tu ni ŋa darigi dinzuɣu di che mi ka piligu bachi ŋan n darigiri maa yi tuuli syllable ("pho-") n chaŋ bɛ ni boli shɛli ni antepenultimate ("-to-") la ni. Kumsi shɛŋa ŋa bi dairgiri la malila ŋa maŋmaŋa vaawul ka ŋa taɣiri n chani schwa ni. Ŋɔ ni tooi n-nyɛ yɛl'muɣisirili n-ti ba mali dyslexics dɔro la ka zaŋ n tabili bachi kumsi waligibu gba n pahi, ka di lahi nyɛ yɛl'muɣisirili n-ti ban bɔhimdi lala bala maa.