Dagbani Wikipedia

Simli

Bimbimli bala

Simli[1]nyɛla binbela bee bimbila bal'shɛli, ka di kɔri ŋa dunia bɔba ni di yaɣa.[2] Di boonila di zaɣ' yini simli ka di zaɣ' bɔbigu mi nyɛ sima.[3][4][5] [4] Sima nyɛla bimbili shɛli ninsali nima ni kɔra dira. Di nyɛla bimbili shɛli bɛ ni kɔri pam mini bela bela bɔba ni yaɣa zaa[6] ka nyɛ bɛ ni lahi mali shɛli niŋdi kpam.[7] Di binwɔlli nyɛla din niŋdi tiŋgbani ni ka di zuɣu che ka tabibi baŋda Carl Linnaeus daa boli hypogaea ka di gbuuni nyɛ tiŋgbani gbunni.

Simli
taxon
Yaɣ sheliuseful plant, annual plant Mali niŋ
Di bukaatafodder, medicinal plant, vegetable, mɔli, cooking oil Mali niŋ
Yu'ŋmaaA. hypogaea Mali niŋ
Nangban yiŋga YuyaArachis hypogaea Mali niŋ
Yaɣili Kpamlispecies Mali niŋ
Lamba ZuliyaArachis Mali niŋ
This taxon is source ofpeanut, peanut protein, peanut flour, peanut shell, peanut oil Mali niŋ
NatureServe conservation statussecure Mali niŋ
Nahingbaŋphosphorescence Mali niŋ
Hardiness of plant2 Mali niŋ
Taxon rangeBeijing, China, Fujian, Tibet Autonomous Region, Guangdong Mali niŋ
Taxon author citationL. Mali niŋ
GRIN URLhttps://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=3785 Mali niŋ
Sequenced genome URLhttps://www.dnazoo.org/assemblies/Arachis_hypogaea Mali niŋ
E-Class

Simli ŋɔ nyɛla din be tabibi daŋ yuli booni Fabaceae bee Leguminosae ka pirigili tooi booni "pea" daŋ.[8] Kamani bimbila kam din be di daŋ ŋɔ ni, di nyɛla din mali binshɛli di puuni ka di pahiri tam,[9] ka di che ka niriba pam kpaŋsi bimbilima kɔri ka taɣara

Pirimila di bi lu zahim di tabibi yuli ŋɔ zuɣu, di binwɔlli maa nyɛla din kpɛma pam di yi ti niŋ ka di bi. [10]

Peanuts


Taarihi

mali niŋ

Sima bal' shɛli Silimiinsi ni boli "Arachis" nyɛla din yina South America, Aedes wulinluhili polo, zaŋ chaŋ Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, ni Brazil.[11] Sima balishɛli din nyɛ a. hypogaea nyɛla din yina sima balibu dibaa ayi puuni, dini n-nyɛ "A. duranensis" mini "A. ipaensis".[11][12][11][13][11][12]

Bɛ ni daa na mi li shɛm "archeological" zaŋ n-ti sim'bilim nyɛla[14] din daa piligi kamani yuun 7,600 nyaaŋa bee A. hypogaea nyɛ bɛ ni daa tuui kɔri shɛli .[15] Di nyɛla din daa be Peru, ni ka tulim daa bi galisi.[16] Di kɔbu nyɛla din daa piligi Mesoamerica pɔi ka daa paai Spanish. Ni ka "conquistadors" daa nya tlālcacahuatl. Bɛ daa piligi li kɔbu Europe tum 19th century ka bɛ ni daa nya li luɣishɛli nyɛ Spain, di gbaai bahindi Valencia ni ka bɛ daa kɔri li.[17] Europenima daabihi nyɛla ban daa wuligi simli ŋɔ gili duniya zaa ka di kɔbu gba nyɛ din daa yɛligi pahi. Bɛ daa zaŋ la sima ŋɔ zali di bimbiri kpee din be daŋ yini ni "Bambara groundnut" West Africa ka di gba sim'bilim nyɛ din niŋdi tiŋgbani.[18] Asia pukpariba nyɛla ban daa piligi li kɔbu ka ni pa nyɛ luɣishɛli ban kɔri sima ŋɔ pam duniya zaa.[19]

Sima nyɛla din daa kpɛ US saha shɛli bɛ ni daa na be deei bɛ maŋsulinsi ka nyɛ bɛ ni daa kɔri gariche ni. Lahabali din yina Bernard Romans wuhiya ni, sima nyɛla gbaŋsabila zaŋ n-ti Guinea ni daa zaŋ shɛli kpɛhina East Florida ka di daa piligi yɛligibu di ni.[20] Bin din gbaai yuuni 1870 bɛ daa na mali limi n-tiri binkɔbiri hali ka ninsalinima ni daa ti piligi li dibu yuuni1930s.[21]George Washington Carver (1864-1943) nyɛla ŋun daa kpaŋsiri niriba sima kɔbu American South din daa niŋ ka ni tam daa gbarigi din daa niŋ ka bɛ zaŋ di tam ŋɔ kɔ gumdi yuma ashɛm nyaaŋa.[22]

United States tuma duu zaŋ n-ti pukparilim nyɛla ban daa piligi tun'shɛli din yɛn kpaŋsi pukparilim mini ninsalinima sima zaŋ tum tuma 19th bahigu mini 20th cɛnturi piligu.[21] Sima kpam nyɛla bɛ ni daa piligi shɛli niŋbu United States tum yuuni 1890s. Di nyɛla din daa niŋ bayana din daa niŋ ka Beech-Nut kompani daa piligi li kɔhibu St. Louis World's Fair yuuni 1904.[23]


Botany

mali niŋ
 
Peanut flower

Simli ŋɔ nyɛla bimbili shɛli din niŋdi yuun yini puuni ka nyɛ din waɣilim paai kamani cɛntimita pihita zaŋ chaŋ cɛntimita pihinu.[21] Di nyɛla din be tabibi daŋ yuli booni Fabaceae ka shɛba lahi booni Leguminosae, niriba pam nyɛla ban booni "pea" daŋ.[8] Kamani lala bimbila daŋ ŋɔ, simli din nyɛla din niŋdi di bimwalla tiŋgbani gbunni.[9]

Di puma maa nyɛla din waɣilim be kamani cɛntimita zaɣ'yini zaŋ chaŋ zaɣ'yini ni pirigili ka di puma maa kom nyɛ dɔzim.[13][21] Di nyɛla din be simli ŋɔ zuɣuzaa ka nyɛ din be di ni kamani dabisi yini zuɣu.[24]

Composition

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Alaafee binbɔra

mali niŋ

Vihigu shɛŋa wuhiya ni sima ŋubbu pam nyɛla din taɣiri dɔri shɛŋa.[25][26] Amaa, vihigu maa bi ti shɛhiranima din yɛn niŋ ŋmahinli. US "Bindira mini tima baŋsim yaɣili", "Tabiibi shɛhira wuhiya amaa ka bi ti shɛhira ni di 1.5 dibu dabisili puli ni nyɛla din filimdi kpam ka ni tooi taɣi suhuni doro."[27]

Phytochemicals

mali niŋ

Sima mali tima taɣimalisi binyɛra pam kamani binwɔla din pahi pahi.[26][28][29]

Kpam

mali niŋ

Bɛ mali sim maani kpam din duɣira.[30][31][32]

Di barina tali

mali niŋ

Daadamanima shɛba (vaabu 0.6%[33] ban nyɛ United States nima) lahabali wuhiya ni sima nyɛla din tahiri nina kumbu na. Pirimla bɛ ni mali sima pahiri m-maani bindira pam la, sima dibu yi yɛn che din niŋ tɔm pam. Bindiri shɛŋa bɛ ni mali su binyɛra ni lahabaya karimbu nyɛla din ni tooi sɔŋsi gu di dibu.[34]

Vihigu din jendi sima ni kpe Great Britain saha shɛli mini di ni kpe Israel sahashɛli wuhiya ni nira yi bi daŋ sima dibu o bilim ni nyɛla din ni tooi mali barina.[35][36]

Sima nyɛla bɛ ni lahi mali shɛli m-maani bihi kpaʒerima.[37] Sima doriti ni tooi lahi yina binwɔla din tiri kpama ni.[37]

United States shikuru shɛŋa mini luɣ'shɛŋa zaɣisila sima mini bɛ ni mali sim m-maani binyɛri shɛŋa zaa.[38][39][40] Amaa, dihitabili kani ni lala zaɣisibu ŋɔ kari di ni tiri dɔri shɛŋa. Yuuni 2015 vihigu din niŋ Canada bɛ nya waliginsim din be shikuru shɛŋa din zaɣisili mini ban saɣiti li sunsuuni.[41][42][43][44]

Di zaŋ ku bukaata

mali niŋ

Sim'muni

mali niŋ
 
Roasted peanuts as snack food

Sima shɛbu n-nyɛ din niŋ bayana. Simkuma ni tooi she di wɔɣu ni be ka bɛ zaŋli pɔbi binshɛɣuni ka zaŋ tulim kamani 177 °C (351 °F) n-sheli kamani minti pinaanu zaŋ chaŋ minti pishi sunsuuni (di wɔɣu ni).

Sim'waara tooi be India, China, West Africa, ni southern United States.

Sim'kaha mini sim'maha mali waliginsim. Sim'maha nyɛla sima din yi puuni na ka na bi dɛli kuui. Sim'kaha bi duɣi amaa ka leei kuui.[45]

Sima kpam

mali niŋ
 
Peanut oil

Sima kpam nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli duɣiri bindira ka di mali ʒeɣu din viɛla.[46]

Sim'moli

mali niŋ
 
Peanut butter

Sim'moli nyɛla bindirgu ka bɛ mali sima maani li. Bɛ tooi mali binshɛŋa gabiri din ni ka di pahirili nyaɣisim. Tuma du'zuɣuri pam mali li m-maani binyɛri shɛŋa pahiri kamani chokileeti.[47] Shɛba ŋmaari sim'moli niŋdi paanu ni n-ŋubira.[48][49]

Sim'zim

mali niŋ

Sim'sim nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli pahiri bindira dabisim di duɣibu sheei.

Sima alaafe binbɔra

mali niŋ

Sima tiri alaafee yɛlibɔra paai kamani vaabu pisopɔin[50]

Latin America

mali niŋ

Sima niŋ bayana pam Peruvian mini co bindira ni. Kamani shɛhira, di be Peru bindirigu yuli booni "picante de cuy" puuni.[51]. Yaha di lahi be Peruvian tiŋgbani yuli booni Arequipa bindirigu yuli booni "ocopa" puuni.[52] Bɛ boonila lala bindira ŋɔ zaa "ajíes", din gbunni nyɛ "naanzu tula", kamani "ají de pollo" ni "ají de mariscos". [53]

Bɛ lahi mali sima maani toofiinima pam. Mexico tiŋgbani ni, di zooya pam ka bɛ mali li m-maani bindira balibu pam.[54]

Southeast Asia

mali niŋ
 
Fried peanuts in the Philippines

Sima zooya pam Southeast Asia bindira ni, kamani Malaysia, Vietnam, ni Indonesia, ka bɛ mali li m-pahiri bindira viɛlim. Sima ni yɛn kpe Indonesia di yila Philippines kpe ni, luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni daa yihi di belim Mexico kuli bɛ ni daa be Spanish sulinsi ni.

Indonesia bindiri shɛŋa ni sima ni be n-nyɛ gado-gado, pecel, karedok, ni ketoprak.

 
Boiled groundnuts (peanuts)

West Africa

mali niŋ

Sima niŋdi pam Mali polo ni tinsi kamani Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Nigeria, ni Senegal; Sima zaa biɛhisi tooi ŋmanila taba.

Sima pahirila Mali nimdi kpa yuli booni "maafe" puuni. Ghana tiŋgbani ni, sim'moli nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli duɣiri ʒeri, "nkate nkwan".[55] Bɛ ni tooi lahi zaŋli pahi duɣi oto.[55]

 
Peanut plant.

East Africa

mali niŋ

Sima pahirila Malawi bindira pam ni, ni Zambia yaɣ'shɛŋa polo, ka lala bindira ŋɔ ŋmani taba pam lala tiŋgban ŋɔ ni. Bɛ lahi maani sim'moli din gburisi Uganda ka mali li n-diri shinkaafa. [56]

North America

mali niŋ
 
Fried curry peanuts

Georgia tiŋgbani m-be tooni ni sima kɔbu polo United States tiŋgbani ni, di sula vaabu pihinu yini ka tiŋgbani maa zaa sima ni. Yuuni 2014, pukpariba daa komi kpuɣi sima yiika tuhi kɔbisini ni pihiwɔi ni yini sima, ka di yihi liɣiri "2.4 billion pounds" na. Pukpari ŋun yuli daa du pam n-daa nyɛ Jimmy Carter ŋun yina Sumter County, Georgia ŋun daa niŋ tiŋgbani maa tiŋgbani zuɣulana U.S. yuuni 1976.[57]

United States mini Canada tiŋgbani ni, bɛ malila sima maani toofinima mini binmalisi shɛŋa.[58] United States tiŋgbani ni, sima bindira nyɛla niriba ni yuri shɛli pam.[59][60] Sim'moli n-nyɛ sima bindirgu din niŋ bayana.[61] Sima ʒeri nyɛla din be bindira kɔhibu shee.[62][63]Amerika tiŋgbani ni, ninsali yini kam diri sima paari kamani "2.7 kg (6 lb)" yuuni puli ni.[61]

Malibu

mali niŋ

Ko n-kpuɣi

mali niŋ
Peanut production, 2020

(millions of tonnes)

Country Production
Tɛmplet:CHN 18.0
Tɛmplet:IND 10.0
  Nigeria 4.5
  United States 2.8
Tɛmplet:SDN 2.8
World 53.6
Source: FAOSTAT, United Nations[19]

Yuuni 2020, dunia zaa ni daa ko n-kpuɣi sim'shɛli daa yiɣisi la kpalinsi miliyɔŋ pihinu ni anahi, vaabu dibaa anii pahibu yuuni 2019 dini zuɣu.[19] China daa sula vaabu pihita ni anahi dunia zaa dini maa ni, ka India paya ni vaabu pishi yinika . Tiŋgbani shɛŋa ban gba daa kpaŋ bi maŋa n-nyɛ Nigeria, United States, ni Sudan.[19]

Tuma du'zuɣuri ni

mali niŋ

Tuma du'zuɣuri mali sima maani binyɛra balibu pam. Peenta, gbana polisibu, ni binnɛma tima mini din pahi pahi.

Di m-pooi dɔriti

mali niŋ

Dini mali afee yɛlibɔra pam la zuɣu, sima tooi sɔŋdi tuhiri dɔriti din yirina bindiri di m-pooi dɔriti ni. "Plumpy Nut", "MANA Nutrition",[64] ni "Medika Mamba"[65] nyɛla din mali alaafee ka tiri yaa ka lahi tibiri dɔriti pam."World Health Organization, UNICEF, Project Peanut Butter, ni Doctors Without Borders" nyɛla ban mali lala binyɛra ŋɔ n-sɔŋdi tiŋgbana din na bɔri sɔŋsim bihi.

Binkɔbiri bindirigu

mali niŋ

Simli bimbili zuɣuzaa maa nyɛla bɛ ni tooi yunsi shɛli leei "silage".[66]

Di vari ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli tiri binkɔbiri ka bɛ ŋubira ka lahi mali pahiri tam. "Groundnut cake" nyɛla bindirigu zaŋ n-ti niɣi.[67] Di nyɛla bindiri shɛŋa din mali anfaani zaŋ n-ti binkɔbiri zaɣ'yini ka tiriba alaafee.[68] Di yi niŋ ka lala bindirigu ŋɔ bi nya zani suŋ di nyɛla binshɛli dɔro booni "aflatoxin" ni tooi kpɛ shɛli ni ka di nyɛ di ni tooi tahi "Aspergilus flavus" mini "Aspergilus parasiticus".[69] Lala bindirigu ŋɔ nyɛla din sɔŋdi binkɔbiri ka bɛ zoora ka nyɛ din mali kpam gba di puuni.[citation needed]

Sim'shɛŋa gba nyɛla bɛ ni tooi zaŋ shɛli leei bindirigu zaŋ n-ti binkɔbiri.[70]

Saha shɛŋa bɛ nyɛla ban nimdi sima ŋɔ ka di leeri zim pɔi ka bɛ mali li n-tiri binkɔbiri di gbaai bahindi binkɔbi shɛba ban puya anahinahi.[71]

Di kɔbu

mali niŋ
 
Peanut pegs growing into the soil. The tip of the peg, once buried, swells and develops into a peanut fruit.

Sima nyɛla bɛ ni tooi kɔri shɛli tamkpaɣu zim ni din tam nyɛ pH zaŋ n-ti 5.9–7. Sima nyɛla din sɔŋdi tamkpaɣu kulim.[72] Lala zuɣu di nyɛla din kpa talahi bimbira taɣi gili biri ni. Yaha sima yam gba nyɛla din pahiri tam kulim ka boori dɔriti mini mɔri yɛligibu. Ŋmahinli Texas, sima din be yuma ata bimbila kɔn taɣi ni kawaana nyɛla din yɛn niŋ viɛnyɛla kamani kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihinu gari sim'shɛŋa din bi kɔri ka taɣiri ni kawaana.[72] Tabibi binyɛri shɛŋa mini tiŋgbani binneen bihi nyɛla din sɔŋ sima viɛnyɛla niŋbu .[72] Sima nyɛla din bori tulim bela di piligu zaŋ hali ni di niŋbu ni din yɛn che ka di tooi niŋ viɛnyɛla. Di nyɛla niri ni tooi kɔ shɛli ni kom din nyɛ 350 mm (14 in) ,[73] amaa di viɛnyɛla zaa nyɛla 500 mm (20 in).[74] Di doli la simli maa ni nya kom shɛm sanzali, lala tiŋgbani maa tam ni din kam pahi, sima ni tooi kɔn kpuɣi biɛɣ'pihiwɔi zaŋ chaŋ biɛɣ'kɔbigi ni pihita niri yi biri li nyaaŋa ka sim'shɛŋa din mabiligu nyɛ A. h. hypogaea nyɛ din zaŋdi biɛɣ'kɔbigi ni pishi zaŋ chaŋ biɛɣ'kɔbigi ni pihinu sunsuun .[73][75][76] Di mabiligu din nyɛ A. h. hypogaea nyɛ din niŋdi pam ka bɛ tooi kpaŋsiri niriba di kɔbu luɣishɛŋa saa ni miri yuura.

 
Cultivation of peanut crop at the Indian Directorate of Groundnut Research (Junagadh, Gujarat, 2009)

Simli bimbili nyɛla din kuli niŋdi puma saha kam saha shɛli di yi ti piligi walla niŋbu ka lala zuɣu che ka sima ŋɔ shɛŋa bɛ bira hali di kpuɣibu saha yi ti paagi. Niri yi bori ni a kɔ sima nya pam di kpuɣibu saha ŋɔ nyɛ din kpa talahi. Di yi niŋ ka niri kɔ sima ka daŋli kpuɣibu pɔi ni di saha sima maa nyɛla din na bɛn bii, nirimi yi lahi yuugi di kpuɣibu din bili yaha.[77] Niri yi yɛn kɔn kpuɣi sima di bimbili maa zaa mini di gbunni wɔla maa zaa nyɛla bɛ ni yihiri shɛli na tankpaɣu ni.[77] Sim'pɔɣiri nyɛ pɔbi sim'bilim ŋɔ.

Bin'shɛŋa din tooi che ka sima bi niŋdi pam nyɛ sanzali mini tulim pam ti yaɣi .[78]

 
Harvest of peanuts (Bandjoun, Cameroon, 2016)

Sima kɔn kpuɣi nyɛla ʒibuyi.[79] Lɛbiginsim ni be luɣishɛŋa maa bɛ mali la maʒini nima sibiri sima ŋɔ. Maʒini ŋɔ nyɛla din yɛn ŋmaai din gbunni jila maa tariga ka yihi di mini tankpaɣu na. Di nyaaŋa bɛ yɛn che la sima ŋɔ sɔŋ dabaa ata zaŋ chaŋ dabaa anahi sunsuun ka di kuui pɔi ka bɛ naayi pɛli. Luɣishɛŋa lɛbiginsim ni na kani nuhi ka bɛ mali sibiri sima ŋɔ.[77] .

Di daafaan' nima

mali niŋ

Sima nyɛla din binbela shɛli ŋan mali bukaatanima pam n-ti ninsalinima, binkɔbiri ni tingbani shɛli din mali kɔrili maa.

  1. Sima nyɛla din mali shɛli doori kpam
  2. Di nyɛla daadama ni ŋubiri binshɛli, di zaɣ'kaha, din chim, din waagi bee di din shɛ, ka di nyɛ bindirigu.

Di binniɛma mini dɔriti tuhibu bee taɣibu

mali niŋ

Di yi ti niŋ ka simli bimbila nya sanzali saha shɛli di wɔla ŋɔ niŋda bee ka di bi niŋ naai, di nyɛla din yɛn gbaai dɔri shɛli beni bɛ booni li "mold Aspergilus flavours" ka di ni tooi che ka di bi niŋ viɛnyɛlla. Sim' shɛli sanzali ni zabi pam ni dɔro ni gbaai nyɛla din bi niŋ di paari dini di yɛn niŋ shɛm.[80] United States tuma duu zaŋ n-ti pukparilim nyɛla ban daa niŋ vihigu zaŋ chaŋ dɔro yi gbaai simli yaɣa kamani pinaanu nyɛla di ni yɛn saɣim simli maa zaa. Lala tuma duu ŋɔ nyɛla ban m-bo so shɛŋa bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛm gu ka taɣi lala sima dɔriti ŋɔ.[81]Sim' shɛŋa bɛ ni nya ka dɔro mali nyɛla bɛ ni tooi mali shɛli niŋdi kpam din yɛn che ka bɛ yihi lala dɔro ŋɔ.[82]

Bimbili ŋɔ vari gba nyɛla dɔri shɛli beni ka bɛ booni li "Alternaria arachidis' ni tooi gbaai.[83]

Anfooninima

mali niŋ
  •  
    Roasted Peanuts with shell
  •  
    A warning sign for the presence of peanuts and peanut dust
  •  
    Arachis hypogaea flower
  •  
    Peanut pegs penetrating the ground
  •  
    Textural detail
  •  
    Closeup of Peanuts, selling in India.
  •  
    Developing pods of peanut
  •  
    Track-type peanut harvester
  •  
    Harvesting peanuts by hand (Haiti, 2012)
  •  
    A bowl of sev mamra, consisting of puffed rice, peanuts and fried seasoned noodles
  •  
    Peanut sweet known as chikki made from peanuts and jaggery

Lihimi m-pahi

mali niŋ

Kundivihira

mali niŋ
  1. ↑ Naden, Tony. 2014. Dagbani dictionary. Webonary.
  2. ↑ The European market potential for groundnuts | CBI.
  3. ↑ USDA GRIN Taxonomy, retrieved 29 June 2016
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Domonoske, Camila (April 20, 2014). "A Legume With Many Names: The Story Of 'Goober'". National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/04/20/304585019/a-legume-with-many-names-the-story-of-goober.
  5. ↑ Beattie, H. R. (1911). Farmer's Bulletin No. 431. "The peanut is known under the local names of "goober," "goober pea," "pindar," "ground pea," and "groundnut." The names "goober" and "goober pea" are more properly applied to an allied species having no true stem and only one pea in each pod which has been introduced and is frequently found growing wild in the Gulf Coast States."
  6. ↑ Hymowitz, Theodore . (1990). "Grain Legumes". In Janick, J.; Simon, J.E. (eds.). Advances in new crops. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. pp. 54–57.
  7. ↑ Oil crops for the production of advanced biofuels.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named WFO
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Legumes Of The World | Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  10. ↑ The Peanut Institute – Peanut Facts. peanut-institute.org.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 (December 1, 2007) "Genomic relationships between the cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea, Leguminosae) and its close relatives revealed by double GISH". American Journal of Botany 94 (12): 1963–1971. DOI:10.3732/ajb.94.12.1963. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 21636391.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 (October 1, 1996) "RFLP and Cytogenetic Evidence on the Origin and Evolution of Allotetraploid Domesticated Peanut, Arachis hypogaea (Leguminosae)". American Journal of Botany 83 (10): 1282–1291. DOI:10.2307/2446112.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 (2007) "Taxonomy of the genus Arachis (Leguminosae)". IBONE 16 (Supl.): 1–205.
  14. ↑ (January 1, 2013) "A study of the relationships of cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea) and its most closely related wild species using intron sequences and microsatellite markers". Annals of Botany 111 (1): 113–126. DOI:10.1093/aob/mcs237. ISSN 0305-7364. PMID 23131301.
  15. ↑ Dillehay, Tom D.. Earliest-known evidence of peanut, cotton and squash farming found.
  16. ↑ Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The Spirit of Ancient Peru: Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames & Hudson, 1997.
  17. ↑ Polo, Claudia (2023-11-21). El 'cacau del collaret', el cacahuete valenciano al borde de la extinción (es).
  18. ↑ Carney, Judith (2011). In the Shadow of Slavery Africa's Botanical Legacy in the Atlantic World. University of California Press. p. 141. ISBN 9780520949539.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Peanut (groundnuts with shell) production in 2020. FAOSTAT, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Statistics Division (2020).
  20. ↑ Romans, B. (1775). A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida (in English). New York: Printed for the author. p. 131. OCLC 745317190.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Putnam, D.H., et al. (1991) Peanut Archived Silimin gɔli August 10, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. University of Wisconsin-Extension Cooperative Extension: Alternative Field Crops Manual.
  22. ↑ McMurry, Linda O. (1982). George Washington Carver: scientist and symbol. Galaxy books (1. issued as an Oxford Univ. Pr. paperback ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503205-5.
  23. ↑ Michaud, Jon (November 28, 2012). A chunky history of peanut butter. New Yorker.
  24. ↑ Smith, Ben W. (January 1, 1950). "Arachis hypogaea. Aerial Flower and Subterranean Fruit". American Journal of Botany 37 (10): 802–815. DOI:10.2307/2437758.
  25. ↑ (November 21, 2013) "Association of Nut Consumption with Total and Cause-Specific Mortality". New England Journal of Medicine 369 (21): 2001–2011. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1307352. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 24256379.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Nuts (including peanuts). Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University (2009).
  27. ↑ Taylor CL (July 14, 2003). Qualified Health Claims: Letter of Enforcement Discretion – Nuts and Coronary Heart Disease (Docket No 02P-0505). Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA.
  28. ↑ Resveratrol. Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University (2016).
  29. ↑ (2014) "Resveratrol in peanuts". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 54 (6): 734–70. DOI:10.1080/10408398.2011.606928. PMID 24345046.
  30. ↑ Nutrition facts for oil, peanut, salad or cooking, USDA Nutrient Data. Conde Nast, USDA National Nutrient Database, version SR-21 (2014).
  31. ↑ Ozcan MM (2010). "Some nutritional characteristics of kernel and oil of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)". J Oleo Sci 59 (1): 1–5. DOI:10.5650/jos.59.1. PMID 20032593.
  32. ↑ (1998) "Characteristics and composition of peanut oil prepared by an aqueous extraction method". Life Support Biosph Sci 5 (2): 225–9. PMID 11541680.
  33. ↑ Food Allergy Quick Facts. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (February 24, 2012).
  34. ↑ Peanut Allergy on the Rise: Why? (May 14, 2010).
  35. ↑ Food allergy advice may be peanuts Archived Silimin gɔli November 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Science News, December 6, 2008
  36. ↑ (2008) "Dietary prevention of allergic diseases in infants and small children". Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 19 (1): 1–4. DOI:10.1111/j.1399-3038.2007.00680.x. PMID 18199086.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 (2003) "Factors Associated with the Development of Peanut Allergy in Childhood". New England Journal of Medicine 348 (11): 977–85. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa013536. PMID 12637607.
  38. ↑ Hartocollis, Anemona (September 23, 1998). "Nothing's Safe: Some Schools Ban Peanut Butter as Allergy Threat". The New York Times. https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9907E3D81E30F930A1575AC0A96E958260.
  39. ↑ Nevius, C.W. (September 9, 2003). "One 5-year-old's allergy leads to class peanut ban". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2003/09/09/MN79933.DTL%0D.
  40. ↑ School peanut ban in need of review. Nashua Telegraph (September 14, 2008).[permanent dead link]
  41. ↑ (January 1, 2015) "Accidental exposures to peanut in a large cohort of Canadian children with peanut allergy". Clinical and Translational Allergy 5. DOI:10.1186/s13601-015-0055-x. ISSN 2045-7022. PMID 25861446.
  42. ↑ The anaphylaxis campaign: peanut oil. Anaphylaxis.org.uk.
  43. ↑ (1994) "Cold-pressed peanut oils may contain peanut allergen". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 93 (4): 801–2. DOI:10.1016/0091-6749(94)90262-3. PMID 8163791.
  44. ↑ (1997) "Randomised, double blind, crossover challenge study of allergenicity of peanut oils in subjects allergic to peanuts". BMJ 314 (7087): 1084–8. DOI:10.1136/bmj.314.7087.1084. PMID 9133891.
  45. ↑ FAQ. The Lee Bros. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
  46. ↑ Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 (Public Law 108-282, Title II). US Food & Drug Administration.
  47. ↑ Boyd, Kristine (November 6, 2017). Crazy Peanut Butter Flavors You Need to Try Now! | Parenting. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
  48. ↑ U.S. Exports of (NAICS 311911) Roasted Nuts & Peanut Butter With All Countries. US Census Bureau (2012).
  49. ↑ Breeding a better peanut butter. American Society of Agronomy.
  50. ↑ Wang, Qiang (2016). Peanuts: processing technology and product development. London: Academic Press, Elsevier. doi:10.1016/C2015-0-02292-4. ISBN 978-0-12-809595-9. OCLC 951217525.
  51. ↑ Gastronomía de Huánuco - Platos típicos - Pachamanca Picante de cuy.
  52. ↑ Menú, recetas, cocina, nutricion.
  53. ↑ Demystifying mole, Mexico's national dish.
  54. ↑ Brazilian sweets and desserts you must taste (December 20, 2019).
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Ghanaian cuisine
  56. ↑ Ebinyebwa; a tale of the Ugandan groundnut stew. Daily Monitor/Monitor Publications Ltd (April 8, 2008).
  57. ↑ John Beasley, "Peanuts" New Georgia Encyclopedia (2019) online
  58. ↑ Peanuts in Canada. Peanut Bureau of Canada (2017).
  59. ↑ As American as peanut butter. Pacific Standard (February 14, 2014).
  60. ↑ Smith, Andrew F. (2012). Fast Food and Junk Food: An Encyclopedia of What We Love to Eat (in English). ABC-CLIO. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-313-39393-8.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 History of Peanuts & Peanut Butter. US National Peanut Board (2017).
  62. ↑ The history of peanut soup. The Virginia Marketplace (September 19, 2012).
  63. ↑ 16 Fun Facts about Peanuts & Peanut Butter; Number 13. US National Peanut Board (2017).
  64. ↑ Raymond, Bret. Rwaza Health Centre: Efficacy Study Results. MANA Nutrition.
  65. ↑ Meds & Food For Kids :: — Medika Mamba. mfkhaiti.org.
  66. ↑ Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Lebas F., 2017. Peanut forage. Feedipedia, a program by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ, and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/695 Archived Silimin gɔli August 24, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
  67. ↑ Deshpande, S. S. (2000). Fermented Grain Legumes, Seeds and Nuts. Food & Agriculture Org. ISBN 9789251044445. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
  68. ↑ Palm kernel meal as a feed for poultry. 1. Composition of palm. Journal of Animal feed science.[permanent dead link]
  69. ↑ 3. Feed values and feeding potential of major agro-byproducts. fao.org.
  70. ↑ Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2017. Peanut seeds. Feedipedia, a program by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ, and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/55 Archived Silimin gɔli August 24, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
  71. ↑ Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Edouard N., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2017. Peanut hulls. Feedipedia, a program by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ, and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/696 Archived Silimin gɔli August 24, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 Baughman, Todd; Grichar, James; Black, Mark; Woodward, Jason; Porter, Pat; New, Leon; Baumann, Paul; McFarland, Mark "Texas Peanut Production Guide Archived Silimin gɔli March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine" (PDF). Texas A&M University. Retrieved October 16, 2015,
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Schilling, Robert (February 5, 2003). L'arachide histoire et perspectives. Agropolis Museum.
  74. ↑ Jauron, Richard (February 5, 1997). Growing Peanuts in the Home Garden | Horticulture and Home Pest News. Ipm.iastate.edu.
  75. ↑ New Mexico Peanut Production. New Mexico State University (July 2009).
  76. ↑ Peanut.
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 77.2 How peanuts are Grown – Harvesting – PCA. Peanut Company of Australia.
  78. ↑ Willy H. Verheye, ed. (2010). "Growth and Production of Groundnuts". Soils, Plant Growth and Crop Production Volume II. EOLSS Publishers. p. 153. ISBN 978-1-84826-368-0.
  79. ↑ Bilello, Stanley (October 10, 2016). 21st Century Homestead: Nitrogen-Fixing Crops (in English). Lulu.com. pp. 93–94. ISBN 9781365452901.Tɛmplet:Self-published source
  80. ↑ (August 2001) "[Proportion of aflatoxin B1 contaminated kernels and its concentration in imported peanut samples]". Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 42 (4): 237–42. DOI:10.3358/shokueishi.42.237. PMID 11817138.
  81. ↑ 7 CFR 2011 – Part 996aTɛmplet:Full citation needed
  82. ↑ Why Georgia farmers decided to shell their own peanuts (en-CA) (April 26, 2017).
  83. ↑ Species Fungorum - Names Record.

Further reading

mali niŋ
  • Beasley, John. "Peanuts." New Georgia Encyclopedia (2019) online; 49% of the American peanut crop is grown in the state of Georgia.
  • Cumo, Christopher, ed. Foods That Changed History: How Foods Shaped Civilization from the Ancient World to the Present (Facts on File, 2015) online
  • Hammons, R. O. "The origin and history of the groundnut" in The groundnut crop: a scientific basis for improvement (Springer Netherlands, 1994) pp. 24-42.
  • Hughes, Meredith Sayles. Spill the Beans and Pass the Peanuts: Legumes (Lerner, 1999).
  • Johnson, Sylvia A. Tomatoes, Potatoes, Corn, and Beans: How the Foods of the Americas Changed Eating around the World (Atheneum Books, 1997). online
  • Krampner, Jon. Creamy and Crunchy: An Informal History of Peanut Butter, the All-American Food (Columbia University Press, 2013).
  • Singh, B., and U. Singh. "Peanut as a source of protein for human foods." Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 41 (1991): 165-177. online
  • Skolnick, Helen S., et al. "The natural history of peanut allergy." Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 107.2 (2001): 367-374. online
  • Smart, J. The Groundnut Crop: A Scientific Basis for Improvement (Chapman and Hall, 1994)
  • Smith, Andrew F. Peanuts: The illustrious history of the goober pea (University of Illinois Press, 2002).
  • United States. Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Peanuts in southern agriculture (1947) online
  • Variath, Murali T., and P. Janila. "Economic and academic importance of peanut." in The peanut genome (2017): 7-26. online
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