Dagbani Wikipedia

African Continental Free Trade Area

African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)[1] nyɛla daabilgu yooli niŋbu din zooi ka di be Africa.[2][3][4] Yuuni 2018 ka African Continental Free Trade Agreement nima daa pili li, din mali paati pihinahi ni ata ni nudihiriba pia ni yini, ka di nyɛ daabiligu yoli yaɣili din galisi di yi kana ban be din ni polo, World Trade Organization nu yi yi,[5] ka mali salo pam mini tiŋgbani pam, di mali paa niribai 1.3 billion n -gili dunia yaɣa din gali ka do buyi ni.

African Continental Free Trade Area
free trade area, agreement
Di pilli ni21 Silimin gɔli March 2018 Mali niŋ
Facet ofAfrican Continental Free Trade Agreement Mali niŋ
Yu'ŋmaaAfCFTA Mali niŋ
Dini be shɛliAfrica Mali niŋ
Saha sheli2018 Mali niŋ
Lahabaya dundɔŋ din mali dihitabilihttps://au-afcfta.org/ Mali niŋ

Di saɣi ti AfCFTA nyɛla African Union (AU) ni daa saɣiti shɛli ka bɛ tiŋgbana ban be din ni pihinahi ni anahi pihini ni anu puuni daa dihi gbana ni Kigali, Rwanda silimiin goli 21 March 2018.[6][7] Lala gbaabu ŋɔ daa niŋ shili ni di tam kalinli zuɣu bɛ ni daa saɣoiti li biɛɣu pihita nyaaŋa tiŋsi pishi ni ayi niya puuni.[6] Silimiin goli 29 April 2019,[8] Saharawi Republic daa dihi nuu din pahiri 22nd,ka lala gbaabu ŋɔ daa tam kalinli zuɣu silimiin goli May 30; di daa pili la tuma laɣingu din daa niŋ silimiin goli 7 July 2019,[9] ka daa pili ni yɛlimaŋli silimiin goli 1 January 2021. AfCFTA's laɣim gbaai mini tuma tumbu nyɛla tuma duu din be Accra, Ghana ni yuuni shɛli.[10][11]

Laɣim gbaai ŋɔ ni, ban be AfCFTA kpuɣi la niya ni bɛ yihi farigu yuma din gbaai 5, 10, bee 13 years, tiŋgbani maa lɛbiginsim mini di nɛma ni yan wuhi shɛm.[10] Bɛ dahinsheli ha niya nima shɛŋa n-nyɛ bɛ nam single, liberalised market; ka di tooi tabiri soŋdi daabiligu; ka chɛ ka tiŋgbana mɛra; ka lahi chɛ ka laɣim tum be tiŋgbana sunsuuni.[12] Bɛ niya zaɣi kpani n-nyɛ AfCFTA yan tahi la lɛbiginsim na biɛhigu ni,ka baligi fakari, ka kpaŋsi daabilgu.

United Nations Economic Commission for Africa buɣisiya ni AfCFTA yan kpaŋsi la daabiligu gbansabila sunsuuni "52 percent" zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 2022.[13] Lahabali din yina World Bank wuhiya ni AfCFTA ni tooi yihi niriba 30 million fakari ni gbansabila tiŋgbani ni, ka duhi niriba 70 million ariziki zuɣusaa, ka ni tooi nya liɣiri kamani $450 billion zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 2035.[14] Silimiin goli January 13, 2022, AfCFTA daa kpuɣi sochibi karili zaŋ chaŋ "Pan-African Payments and Settlements System (PAPSS)" zaibu polo, din ni tooi soŋsi ka tuun zuɣiri din be Africa ni tooi zaŋ liɣiri din nyɛ bɛ ya dini n yo yori.[10]

Taarihi

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Piligu

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Yuuni 1963, Organization of African Unity nyɛla "independent states of Africa" ni daa kpa shɛli. OAU mali la niya ni di kpaŋsi laɣim tum gbansabili tiŋsi. 1980 Lagos Plan of Actionnyɛla laɣingu ŋɔ gba ni daa deei shɛli. Lala "plan" ŋɔ buɣisiya ni Africa ni bɛ baligi bɛ mini sambani nima tumbu ka kpaŋsi bɛ maŋ susnuuni daabiligu. Din bɔŋɔ pili mi ni laɣim tum laɣinsi kpabu gbansabila tiŋgbani ni, kamaniSouthern African Development Coordination Conference. Yɛlimaŋli din bɔŋɔ n tahi Abuja nima laɣim tum na yuuni 1991, Din nam African Economic Community, laɣingu din kpaŋsiri daabiligu yoli,farigu dɛhibu laɣinsi, African Central Bank, n-ti pahi African common currency union.[15][16]

Yuuni 2002, OAU nyɛla African Union (AU) ni daa kana ti zani shɛli zaani, nin gba daa mali niya ni di "laɣim daabiligu lala yaɣili ŋɔ".[17] Niya din daa pahi buyi daa nyɛ mi "ni bɛ laɣim mali zalisi din be saha ŋɔ mini tooni tiŋgbani yaɣili daabiligu tiŋsi ka di tooi soŋ ka laɣingu ŋɔ niya pali."[18]

Shaawara nima

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Yuuni 2012 African Union summit din daa niŋ Addis Ababa, kpamba daa gbaai mi ni bɛ kpa "Continental Free Trade Area" palli zaŋ chaŋ yuuniby 2017. 2015 AU summit din daa niŋ Johannesburg,laɣingu ŋɔ daa laɣim gbaai ni bɛ tuma. Bɛ daa pili ŋɔ ni shaawara ʒia bini pia din daa niŋ yuma ata din daa pa taba.[15][19]

Tuuli shaawara gbaabu daa niŋ la silimiin goli February 2016 ka ʒini laɣingu bu nii ka Summit daa naan yi niŋ silimiin goli March 2018 Kigali tiŋgbani ni. Bini din gbaai silimiin goli February 2017 ban tumdi tabiibi yaɣili daa ʒini laɣinsi dibaa anahi, ka bɛ daa lihi jɛndi tabiibi yaɣa din bɔri malibu ka daa sabili niŋ gbaŋ ni. Silimiin goli March 8–9, 2018 African Union Ministers of Trade daa saɣiti di malibu.[20]

2018 Kigali Summit

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Silimiin goli March 2018, "10th Extraordinary Session of the African Union" zaŋ jɛndi AfCFTA, shaawara balibu buta ka bɛ daa saɣiti: African Continental Free Trade Agreement, Kigali Declaration; n-ti pahi Protocol on Free Movement of Persons. Zaligu din nyɛ niriba gom bɛ yubu nyɛla din niya nyɛ deei visa-free zone yoli AfCFTA tiŋgbana ni, ka soŋsi African Union Passport.[21] Summit din daa niŋ Kigali silimiin goli 21 March 2018, tiŋsi 44 n-daa saɣiti AfCFTA, 47 mi daa saɣiti "Kigali Declaration", ka 30 mi saɣiti zaligu din nyɛ sokam gom o yubu. Di nasara deebu ni, tiŋ gahinda dibaa ayi daa beni: Nigeria mini South Africa, daabiligu yaɣ'kara dibaa ayi din be Africa.[22][23][24]

Yɛlimuɣisiri yini din daa niŋ tɔm n-daa nyɛ ni Africa pun nyɛla din piri n-ti daabigu bayana niŋbu yaɣa dibaa anii, ka di yini kam mali di zalisi.[15][24][25][26]

Declarations signed at the 2018 Kigali summit[27]
Country Signed By AfCFTA Consolidated Text (signature) Kigali Declaration Free Movement Protocol
DZA Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia Yes Yes No
AGO President João Lourenço Yes Yes Yes
CAF President Faustin Archange Touadéra Yes Yes Yes
TCD President Idriss Déby Yes Yes Yes
COM President Azali Assoumani Yes Yes Yes
DJI President Ismaïl Omar Guelleh Yes Yes No
GNQ Prime Minister Francisco Pascual Obama Asue Yes Yes Yes
SWZ Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini Yes Yes No
GAB President Ali Bongo Ondimba Yes Yes Yes
GMB President Adama Barrow Yes Yes Yes
GHA President Nana Akufo-Addo Yes Yes Yes
CIV Vice President Daniel Kablan Duncan Yes No No
KEN President Uhuru Kenyatta Yes Yes Yes
LSO Prime Minister Tom Thabane No Yes Yes
MRT President Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz Yes Yes Yes
MAR Prime Minister Saadeddine Othmani Yes No No
MOZ President Filipe Nyusi Yes Yes Yes
NER President Mahamadou Issoufou Yes Yes Yes
COG President Denis Sassou Nguesso Yes Yes Yes
RWA President Paul Kagame Yes Yes Yes
SADR President Brahim Ghali Yes Yes No
SEN President Macky Sall Yes Yes Yes
SYC Vice President Vincent Meriton Yes Yes No
ZAF President Cyril Ramaphosa No Yes No
SDN Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Yes Yes Yes
TZA Prime Minister Kassim Majaliwa No Yes No
UGA President Yoweri Museveni[28] Yes Yes Yes
ZWE President Emmerson Mnangagwa Yes Yes No

Drafting of further protocols

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Shaawara daa tuɣi ya yuuni 2018 buyi ni, ni zalikpana zaŋ ku bukaata, kompatiisa mini haŋkali tuma.[29] Silimiin goli January 2020, AU Assembly shaawara nima daa nyɛ doosheei.[30] Sabiri shɛli January 2020 AU Assembly ni daa bɔra.[31]Tɛmplet:Update inline

Tuma du zuɣiri

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Tuma du zuɣiri din doli ŋɔ na daa kpa mi ni di yuli ka daabiligu niŋ bayana. Laɣingu din daa ʒini buyi la zuɣu di ni tooi niŋ ka bɛ kpa komitii nima pahi n doli zaligu.[32]

AfCFTA tuma duu n yan su shaawara din laɣim gbaai zaŋ tum tuma ka nyɛ din ka yaɣili AU system. Amaa di ni mali ʒingama zuɣu suhuyurilim, di yan tumdi mi ni "AU Commission" ka deeri di laɣi dibo AU.Council of Ministers ban su daabiligim n yan wuhiri tuma du zuɣu, mɛbu, tuma.[29] Assembly of the African Union Heads of State and Government n yan nyɛ shaawara du zuɣu. Bɛ ni tooi laɣim taba AU Summits.[33] "Council of Ministers Responsible for Trade" tiri daabiligu sochibi suma ka kpaŋsiri ka di tumdi tuma n-tiri AfCFTA ni saɣiti shɛli.[33]

Komitii nima pam nyɛla din kpa, n-ti daabiligu din jɛndi nɛma nima, daabiligu tuma, ni di pilgu zalisi, daabilgu yɛlimuɣisira mali zali, din pa farigu so gura, tabiibi so gubo ni daabiligu mini sabita ti pahi "phytosanitary measures".[33] Shintona kubu zalisi mini di soya nyɛla bɛ ni na zamdi shɛli, amaa bɛ ni kpa nam shintona goobu yaɣili.[29] "Committee of Senior Trade Officials" m-mali Council ni gbaai shɛli n-tumdi tuma. Komitii maa n-su laɣinsi lɛbiginsim mini niya din nyɛ nimmohi ni di tum tuma n-ti AfCFTA ni saɣiti shɛli.[33]

Tuma zaŋ tum

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AfCFTA nyɛla din niŋ shili ni di pu bubɔbigu, ka lala pubu ŋɔ shɛŋa na be shaawara ni.[26] Tuuli yaɣili jɛndi la nɛma nima mini daabiligu tuma nima. Ka yaɣili din pahiri buyi jɛndi "intellectual property rights, investment and competition policy". Yaɣili III jɛndi la E-Commerce.

Yuuni 2018 Kigali summit ni, bɛ ni daa gbaai shɛŋa n-daa nyɛ daabiligu zalisi, shintona goobu, laɣim tum, daabilgu zugu lihibu, n-ti pahi rules of origin. Bɛ daa lahi gbaai ni bɛ booi farigu vaabu 90% nɛma yaɣili. Tiŋgbani kam mali soli ni di yihi vaabu 3% nɛma din be lala shaawara ŋɔ ni.[19] Din bɔŋɔ daa be la yaɣili tuuli gbaabu ni. Yaɣili tuuli yɛltɔɣa din na be gbaaibu ni n-nyɛ farigi mini yɛltɔɣa gahinda din pahi.[19][26]

"12th Extraordinary Session of the African Union" n-ti AfCFTA nyɛla bɛ ni daa ti shɛba soli ni bɛ tooi nam yaɣi palli, ka di daa niŋ Niamey silimiin goli 7 July 2019.[34][35] Lala lonchibu ŋɔ ni, binyɛra dibaa anu din yan gbubi AfCFTA daa tam kanli zuɣu: "the rules of origin; the online negotiating forum; the monitoring and elimination of non-tariff barriers; a digital payment system; and the African Trade Observatory."[36]

Yaɣili II mini III shaawara nima tu mi ni AU tiŋgbana zaa n laɣim gbaai li. Silimiin goli February 2020, "AU Assembly of Heads of State and Government " daa gbaai ya ni yaɣili III nyɛla din yan pili di yi kuli niŋ ka yaɣili shaawara nima naai, bɛ ni daa gbaai ni bɛ naai shɛli silimiin goli December 2020.[19][26] Amaa, lala dabisili ŋɔ daa bi tooi niŋ pirim la COVID-19 pandemic in Africa, zuɣu ka bɛ daa gbaai dabisi palli zali (December 31, 2021) ni bɛ naai yaɣili II mini III shaawara nima. AfCFTA nyɛla bɛ ni daa saɣiti shɛli zaɣa zaa silimiin goli January 1, 2021.[37]

Ban be din ni

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Tiŋgbana pihinu ni anu di be AU (AU member states) puuni, 44 dihi la African Continental Free Trade Agreement (consolidated text) gbana ni, 47 dihi la Kigali Declaration ka 30 dihi ti zaligu din jɛndi niriba gobu bɛ yubu yuuni 2018 Kigali Summit ni daa ti yan naai. Benin, Botswana, Eritrea, Guinea-Bissau, Nigeria, ni Zambia daa be la ban daa bɛ saɣiti lala gbaabu ŋɔ piligu ha.[38] Yuuni 2018 Kigali summit nyaaŋa, bɛ daa zaŋ nuu dihibu nima pam m-pahi AfCFTA. 31st African Union Summit din daa niŋ Nouakchott silimiin goli 1 July 2018, South Africa (daabiligu tiŋ'karili din pahiri buyi Africa), Sierra Leone, Namibia, Lesotho mini Burundi daa kpe lala gbaabu ŋɔ ni.[39] Silimiin goli February 2019, Guinea-Bissau, Zambia n-ti pahi Botswana gba daa kpe din ni. Kenya mini Ghana n-daa nyɛ tuuli tiŋ'shɛŋa di saɣi lala gbaabu ŋɔ, silimiin goli 10 May 2018.[40]

Ban daa dihi nuu ŋɔ ni, 22 tu mi ni bɛ zaŋ nɛma din wuhiri bɛ saɣiti ka din naanyi niŋ tabata, ka din bɔŋɔ daa niŋ silimiin goli 29 April 2019 di ni daa niŋ ka Sierra Leone mini Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic zaŋ bɛ saɣibu ti.[41] Din zuɣu, biɛ`gu pihita nyaaŋa gbaabu maa daa pili tuma silimiin goli 30 May 2019. Lala saha ŋɔ, Nigeria ko (yaɣili maa daabiligu tiŋkarili), Eritrea n-ti pahi Benin bɛ dihi gbana ni.

Nigeria tiŋgbani zuɣulana Muhammadu Buhari daa ka niya ni o kpe AfCFTA, ka o dabiɛm nyɛla din tooi dam Nigeria daabiligu mini tuma du zuɣiri,[42] ka laɣinsi shɛba daa sa o kpani o ni zaɣisi li maa kamni Manufacturers Association of Nigeria[43] ni Nigeria Labour Congress.[44] Nigeria gɔmnanti daa kpuɣi niya ni o niŋ shaawara ni ban niŋdi daabiligu din yan niŋ ka ʒingama daabiligu nima gba saɣiti li,[45] dama yɛlikpɛŋ daa nyɛla amii lala gbaabu ŋɔ ni gu ka taɣi nɛma din yi sambani daa ni doni tiŋa.[46] Silimiin goli July 2019, chira be la nyaaŋa bɛ ni daa labi piigi o, Buhari daa taɣi deei Africa free trade 12th extraordinary session of the assembly of the union din jɛndi AfCFTA.[47]

Lala ʒia ŋɔ ni, Beningba daa saɣiti lala deebu ŋɔ, ka che Eritrea ka di ko kpalim 55 African Union Member States din bi saɣiti lala gbaabu ŋɔ.[48][49][35] Eritrea daa bi tooi kpe din ni tuuli ka di nyɛla tɔbu n-lu bɛ ya, amaa 2018 peace agreement gbaabu din daa be Ethiopia mini Eritrea sunsuni daa ku zabili ŋɔ ka lahi nyahi Eritrean so gubo zaŋ chaŋ daabiligu yoli saɣiti.[2][24][50][51][52][53]

Zaŋ chaŋ May 2022, 54 n sagiti li, ka vaabu 43 (80%) zaŋ di saɣiti nɛma n-ti. [54][55][56] Yaha, tiŋ'yini (Somalia) daa naai bɛ saɣiti, amaa ka daa na bi zaŋ bɛ saɣibu nɛma n-ti silimiin goli May 2020.[56][57] Eritrea ko m-be AU member state ka na bɛ saɣiti li zaŋ kana yuuni 2019.[50]

List of signatories and parties to the agreement

mali niŋ
Ratification Status of African Nations[58]
Country Signed Date of Signing Ratified Date of Ratification Deposited Date of Deposit
DZA Yes March 21, 2018 Yes June 7, 2021 Yes June 23, 2021[59]
AGO Yes March 21, 2018 Yes October 6, 2020 Yes November 4, 2020[60]
BEN Yes July 7, 2019 No No
BWA Yes February 10, 2019 Yes Yes
BFA Yes March 21, 2018 Yes May 27, 2019 Yes May 29, 2019[61]
BDI Yes July 2, 2018 Yes June 17, 2021 Yes August 26, 2021
CMR Yes March 21, 2018 Yes January 31, 2020 Yes December 1, 2020
CAF Yes March 21, 2018 Yes April 9, 2020 Yes September 22, 2020
CPV Yes March 21, 2018 Yes November 13, 2020 Yes February 5, 2022
TCD Yes March 21, 2018 Yes June 29, 2018 Yes July 2, 2018[62]
CIV Yes March 21, 2018 Yes November 13, 2018 Yes November 23, 2018
COM Yes March 21, 2018 Yes Yes
COG Yes March 21, 2018 Yes February 7, 2019 Yes February 10, 2019
COD Yes March 21, 2018 Yes January 28, 2022 Yes February 23, 2022
DJI Yes March 21, 2018 Yes February 5, 2019 Yes February 11, 2019
EGY Yes March 21, 2018 Yes February 27, 2019 Yes April 8, 2019[63]
GNQ Yes March 21, 2018 Yes June 28, 2019 Yes July 2, 2019[64]
ERI No No No
SWZ Yes March 21, 2018 Yes June 21, 2018 Yes July 2, 2018[62]
ETH Yes March 21, 2018 Yes March 23, 2019 Yes April 10, 2019[65]
GAB Yes March 21, 2018 Yes July 2, 2019 Yes July 7, 2019[64]
GMB Yes March 21, 2018 Yes April 11, 2019 Yes April 16, 2019
GHA Yes March 21, 2018 Yes May 7, 2018 Yes May 10, 2018[66]
GIN Yes March 21, 2018 Yes July 31, 2018 Yes October 16, 2018
GNB Yes February 8, 2019 Yes August 31, 2022[67] Yes August 31, 2022
KEN Yes March 21, 2018 Yes May 6, 2018 Yes May 10, 2018[66]
LSO Yes July 2, 2018 Yes October 20, 2020 Yes November 27, 2020
LBR Yes March 21, 2018 No No
LBY Yes March 21, 2018 No No
MDG Yes March 21, 2018 No No
MWI Yes March 21, 2018 Yes November 1, 2020[68] Yes January 15, 2021[69]
MLI Yes March 21, 2018 Yes January 11, 2019 Yes February 1, 2019
MRT Yes March 21, 2018 Yes January 31, 2019 Yes February 11, 2019[70]
MUS Yes March 21, 2018 Yes September 30, 2019 Yes October 7, 2019
MAR Yes March 21, 2018 Yes February 24, 2022 Yes April 18, 2022
MOZ Yes March 21, 2018 No No
NAM Yes July 2, 2018 Yes January 25, 2019 Yes February 1, 2019
NER Yes March 21, 2018 Yes May 28, 2018 Yes June 19, 2018[71]
NGA Yes July 7, 2019 Yes December 3, 2020[72] Yes December 5, 2020[73]
RWA Yes March 21, 2018 Yes May 25, 2018 Yes May 26, 2018[74]
SADR Yes March 21, 2018 Yes April 27, 2019 Yes April 30, 2019
STP Yes March 21, 2018 Yes May 28, 2019 Yes June 27, 2019[75]
SEN Yes March 21, 2018 Yes March 12, 2019 Yes April 2, 2019
SYC Yes March 21, 2018 Yes July 8, 2021 Yes September 15, 2021
SLE Yes July 2, 2018 Yes April 19, 2019 Yes April 30, 2019
Tɛmplet:SOM Yes March 21, 2018 Yes No
ZAF Yes July 2, 2018 Yes January 31, 2019 Yes February 10, 2019[76]
SSD Yes March 21, 2018 No No
Tɛmplet:SDN Yes March 21, 2018 No No
TZA Yes March 21, 2018 Yes January 17, 2022 Yes January 17, 2022[77]
TGO Yes March 21, 2018 Yes January 9, 2019 Yes April 2, 2019
TUN Yes March 21, 2018 Yes September 7, 2020 Yes November 27, 2020
UGA Yes March 21, 2018 Yes November 20, 2018 Yes February 9, 2019[78]
ZMB Yes February 10, 2019 Yes January 28, 2021[79] Yes February 5, 2021[80]
ZWE Yes March 21, 2018 Yes April 25, 2019 Yes May 24, 2019[81]

Kundivihira

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  1. ↑ Loes Witschge (March 20, 2018). African Continental Free Trade Area: What you need to know. Al Jazeera.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "African states agree massive trade bloc" (en-GB). BBC News. 2018-03-21. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43489255.
  3. ↑ "Africa Set to Agree $3 Trillion Trade Bloc, Without Key Economy" (en). Bloomberg.com. 2018-03-21. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-21/africa-set-to-agree-3-trillion-trade-bloc-without-key-economy.
  4. ↑ AfricaNews. "Forty-four countries sign historic African Union free trade agreement | Africanews" (en). Africanews. http://www.africanews.com/2018/03/21/forty-four-countries-sign-historic-africa-union-free-trade-agreement/.
  5. ↑ Justina Crabtree (March 20, 2018). Africa is on the verge of forming the largest free trade area since the World Trade Organization. CNBC.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named econ
  7. ↑ 44 African nations sign pact establishing free trade area (2018-03-21).
  8. ↑ Abdi Latif Dahir (April 3, 2019). Africa's historic free trade deal now has enough countries signed up to go into force. Quartz Africa.
  9. ↑ AfCFTA Agreement secures minimum threshold of 22 ratification as Sierra Leone and the Saharawi Republic deposit instruments.. African Union (Apr 29, 2019).
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 U.S. International Trade Administration, African Continental Free Trade Area (3 January 2022).
  11. ↑ Akufo-Addo commissions and hands-over AfCFTA secretariat to AU commission (en-gb).
  12. ↑ Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area.
  13. ↑ A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named alj
  14. ↑ The African Continental Free Trade Area (en).
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 African Continental Free Trade Area: Policy and Negotiation Options for Trade in Goods. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2016).
  16. ↑ African Union will launch operational phase of the AfCFTA at Summit in Niger. African Union (4 July 2019).
  17. ↑ Constitutive Act of the African Union. African Union. “Article 3c: "accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the continent;"”
  18. ↑ Constitutive Act of the African Union. African Union. “Article 3 (l): "coordinate and harmonize the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union;"”
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Keys to success for the AfCFTA negotiations. Brookings (May 2019).
  20. ↑ tralac, trade law centre. African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents.
  21. ↑ How the free movement of people could benefit Africa.
  22. ↑ Shaban, Abdur Rahman Alfa (March 21, 2018). Forty-four countries sign historic African Union free trade agreement.
  23. ↑ African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents. Tralac Trade Law Centre.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 African Union Legal Resources and Policy Documents. Tralac.
  25. ↑ Balima, Boureima (July 8, 2019). "Economic 'game changer'? African leaders launch free-trade zone". https://www.reuters.com/article/us-africa-trade/economic-game-changer-african-leaders-launch-free-trade-zone-idUSKCN1U20BX.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 How will the AfCFTA be established and its Legal Instruments be implemented?. Tralac (22 March 2018).
  27. ↑ INDICATION OF LEGAL INSTRUMENTS SIGNED AT THE 10TH EXTRAORDINARY SESSION OF THE ASSEMBLY ON THE LAUNCH OF THE AFCFTA.
  28. ↑ TRALAC (28 November 2018). Uganda Deposits Its Instrument of Ratification of The Agreement On The AfCFTA. African Continental Free Trade Area (TRALAC).[permanent dead link]
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 African Continental Free Trade Area - Questions & Answers. African Union (March 15, 2018).
  30. ↑ Decision on the draft agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). African Union (March 21, 2018).
  31. ↑ Decision on the draft agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). African Union (March 21, 2018).
  32. ↑ Erasmus, Gerhard (March 22, 2018). "How will the AfCFTA be established and its Legal Instruments be implemented?". tralac Discussion (trade law centre). https://www.tralac.org/discussions/article/12869-how-will-the-afcfta-be-established-and-its-legal-instruments-be-implemented.html.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 Chidede, Talkmore (March 15, 2018). "The legal and institutional architecture of the Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area". tralac Discussion (trade law centre). https://www.tralac.org/discussions/article/12838-the-legal-and-institutional-architecture-of-the-agreement-establishing-the-african-continental-free-trade-area.html.
  34. ↑ AfCFTA Agreement secures minimum threshold of 22 ratification as Sierra Leone and the Saharawi Republic deposit instruments. (April 29, 2019).
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 African leaders to launch continent-wide free trade zone. Associated Press.
  36. ↑ Operational phase of the African Continental Free Trade Area is launched at Niger Summit of the African Union. African Union (7 July 2019).
  37. ↑ "After months of COVID delays, African free trade bloc launches" (en). aljazeera.com (Al Jazeera English). January 1, 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/1/1/after-months-of-covid-delays-african-free-trade-bloc-launches.
  38. ↑ A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named reuters
  39. ↑ More countries sign the African free trade area agreement.
  40. ↑ Kenya and Ghana to ratify instruments of African Continental Free Trade Area | African Union (en).
  41. ↑ "African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents" (en-gb). https://www.tralac.org/resources/by-region/cfta.html.
  42. ↑ A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named cnn
  43. ↑ "Nigeria's Buhari explains failure to sign continental free trade agreement". http://www.africanews.com/2018/03/23/nigeria-s-buhari-explains-failure-to-sign-continental-free-trade-agreement//.
  44. ↑ "Why Nigeria, South Africa did not join other Nations to sign Continental Free Trade agreement". https://www.pulse.ng/bi/strategy/strategy-why-nigeria-south-africa-did-not-join-other-nations-to-sign-continental-free/1sfvms6.
  45. ↑ "Why Nigeria had good reasons to delay signing Africa's free trade deal". https://theconversation.com/why-nigeria-had-good-reasons-to-delay-signing-africas-free-trade-deal-100203.
  46. ↑ "Nigeria: Why We Are Worried Over African Free Trade Agreement - Dangote, MAN, LCCI". https://allafrica.com/stories/201811080199.html.
  47. ↑ Kazeem, Yomi (July 3, 2019). Africa's largest economy is finally backing the continent's plans for a single free trade market.
  48. ↑ AfricaNews (2019-07-06). Eritrea now sole outsiders of free trade deal as Nigeria, Benin sign up.
  49. ↑ Nigeria finally commits to signing the Africa free trade agreement (2019-07-03).
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named bbc20190707
  51. ↑ Nigeria signs African free trade area agreement. BBC (7 July 2019).
  52. ↑ Ighobor, Kingsley (Aug–Nov 2018). "Africa set for a massive free trade area". Africa Renewal (United Nations). https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/august-november-2018/africa-set-massive-free-trade-area.
  53. ↑ Status of AfCFTA Ratification. Tralac.
  54. ↑ Ndlovu, Sitshengisiwe (July 23, 2020). "AfCFTA establishment pushed to 2021 by Covid-19". The Herald. https://www.herald.co.zw/afcfta-establishment-pushed-to-2021-by-covid-19/.
  55. ↑ "Statement of H.E. Mr. Wamkele Mene on the Occasion of Swearing-in as the Secretary General of the AfCFTA Secretariat". African Union. March 19, 2020. https://au.int/en/speeches/20200319/statement-he-mr-wamkele-mene-occasion-swearing-secretary-general-afcfta.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 "AfCFTA: Towards the African Continental Free Trade Area". Tralac. May 6, 2020. https://www.tralac.org/resources/infographic/13795-status-of-afcfta-ratification.html.
  57. ↑ Somalia approves Africa free trade area treaty for ratification - Xinhua | English.news.cn.
  58. ↑ Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area. African Union (October 8, 2019).
  59. ↑ UNECA announces initiative to spur role of AfCFTA in Africa's post-COVID-19 economic recovery (2021-06-25).
  60. ↑ Abdulrahman Olagunju (2020-11-04). Angola becomes 30th state party to the AfCFTA by depositing instruments of ratification.
  61. ↑ Africa's Free Trade Zone Kicks-Off.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Five more countries sign, two ratify AfCFTA at AU Summit.
  63. ↑ Egypt is 18th AfCFTA ratification instrument depositor (April 8, 2019).
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Gabon, Equatorial Guinea submit AfCFTA ratification to AU.
  65. ↑ Ethiopia deposits instruments of ratification of AfCFTA.
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Kenya and Ghana deposit instruments of African Continental Free Trade Area ratification.
  67. ↑ Lusa. "Guinea-Bissau: Country is 44th member of African Continental Free Trade Area". Macau Business. https://www.macaubusiness.com/guinea-bissau-country-is-44th-member-of-african-continental-free-trade-area/.
  68. ↑ Malawi Ratifies AfCFTA after Submitting Instruments of Ratification.
  69. ↑ Malawi deposits AfCFTA ratification to AU (2021-01-15).
  70. ↑ Deposit of the instrument of Ratification of the AfCFTA Agreement by Mauritania.
  71. ↑ Niger deposits its instrument of ratification of the Agreement on the AfCFTA.
  72. ↑ Nigeria has ratified Africa's historic free trade agreement—but its land borders remain closed (2020-11-12).
  73. ↑ Nigeria becomes 34th country to ratify AfCFTA agreement (2020-12-05).
  74. ↑ Rwanda becomes third country to ratify A.U. free trade pact (May 27, 2018).
  75. ↑ African Union ECOSOCC.
  76. ↑ President deposits SA's AfCFTA instrument of ratification.
  77. ↑ A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Tanzania
  78. ↑ Uganda deposits its instrument of ratification of the Agreement on the AfCFTA.
  79. ↑ Zambian cabinet approves ratification of African free trade agreement (October 27, 2020).[permanent dead link]
  80. ↑ Zambia is latest country to ratify the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement (February 8, 2021).
  81. ↑ Zimbabwe's National Consultative Forum on the African continental free trade area slated for 19 June.
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