Dagbani Wikipedia

University of al-Qarawiyyin

Univɛrsiti din be Fez, Morocco

Tɛmplet:Infobox university

University of al-Qarawiyyin
university, Moroccan public institution
Pahi laMedina of Fez Mali niŋ
Di pilli ni859 Mali niŋ
Ŋun piliFatima al-Fihri Mali niŋ
TiŋaMoroco Mali niŋ
Din be shɛli polonaFez Mali niŋ
Tiŋgbaŋ yaɣili calinli34°3′52″N 4°58′24″W Mali niŋ
Nira zaŋtiAssociation of African Universities Mali niŋ
Di duzuɣu sheeFez Mali niŋ
Heritage designationpart of UNESCO World Heritage Site Mali niŋ
Lahabaya dundɔŋ din mali dihitabilihttp://uaq.ma/ Mali niŋ
Map

University of al-Qarawiyyin (Arabic: جامعة القرويين‎, romanized: Jāmiʻat al-Qarawīyīn), bɛ lahi booni li la Al-Karaouine bee Al Quaraouiyine, nyɛla univɛrsiti din be Fez, Morocco. Di nyɛla bɛ ni daa piligi shɛli ka di nyɛ jiŋli , ŋun daa piligi li nyɛ Fatima al-Fihri yuuni 857–859 ka nyɛ din leei shikuru baŋsim bɔhimbu shee zaŋ n-ti Islamic Golden Age. Di nyɛla bɛ ni daa zaŋ shɛli pahi Morocco's modern state university yuuni 1963 ka daa labi boli "University of Al Quaraouiyine" di yuma ayi nyaaŋa.[1] Jiŋa li maa miɛbu maa kɔŋko nyɛla taarihi zaŋ n-ti Moroccan mini Islamic architecture.[2]

Baŋdiba nyɛla ban yɛli ni al-Qarawiyyin daa nyɛla madrasa hali ni World War II nyaaŋa.[3][4][5][6][7] Baŋdiba nyɛla ban yihiri li univɛrsiti nima ni dama bɛ nyami ka di nyɛ European nima ni zaŋ shɛli.[8][9] Bɛ daa taɣi la al-Qarawiyyin's yihi adiini kariŋ zonŋ tali ni labisi univɛrsiti n yuuni1963.[1][10][4] Kundi shɛŋa kamani UNESCO mini Guinness World Records nyɛla din wuhi ni al-Qarawiyyin nyɛ univɛrsiti kurili bee univɛrsiti kurili din na tumda dunia zaa .[11][12]

Shikuru baŋsim bobu University of al-Qarawiyyin nyɛla din jandi musulinsi adiini baŋsim bobu mini legal sciences.[13] Shikuru bihi shɛba ban chani univɛrsiti ŋɔ nyɛ shikuru bihi ban yina Morocco mini musulimi shikuru bihi ban yina West Africa ka shɛba nyɛ ban yirina tiŋduya na. Bɛ daa tumi kpaɣi paɣa niŋ shikuru ŋɔ yuuni 1940s.[14]

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Taarihi

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View of the Qarawiyyin Mosque on the skyline of central Fes el-Bali: the green-tiled roofs of the prayer hall and the minaret (white tower on the left) are visible.

Foundation of the mosque

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9th century saha, Fez n-daa nyɛ tiŋzuɣu zaŋ n-ti Idrisid dynasty ka nyɛ tuuli Morroco nima adiini tiŋa.[15] Lahabali din yina kundivihira shɛŋa din gari maa, Rawd al-Qirtas, Ibn Abi Zar, al-Qarawiyyin nyɛla bɛ ni daa piligi shɛli ka di nyɛ jiŋli yuuni 857 bee 859, ŋun daa piligi li nyɛ Fatima al-Fihri, paɣa ŋun ba daa nyɛ liɣiri lana ka o yuli booni Mohammed al-Fihri.[16][17][3][18][2]: Tɛmplet:R/where [19]: Tɛmplet:R/where  Al-Fihri daŋ nyɛla ban daa yina Kairouan (ka dizuɣu chɛ ka bɛ boli jiŋli maa lala yuli maa). Fatima mini o tizopaɣa Mariam zaa nyɛla ban daa nya shikuru baŋsim ka daa di bɛ ba liɣiri maa fali. Fatima nyɛla ŋun daa pɔ ni o nyɛla ŋun yɛn zaŋ la fali shɛli o ni di o ba sani maa zaa miɛ jiŋli zaŋ n-ti o ʒilɛli ni nima.[20]: Tɛmplet:R/where  lala noo ka o tizopaɣa Mariam gba daa piligi al-Andalusiyyin Mosque lala yuuni maa.[21][20]

 
Reconstruction of the 14th-century water clock from the dar al-muwaqqit of the Qarawiyyin Mosque (on display at the Istanbul Museum of the History of Science and Technology in Islam)
 
The Al-Attarine Madrasa (founded in 1323), just north of the Qarawiyyin Mosque

Notable alumni

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Ninvuɣ shɛba ban nyɛ waɣara, baŋdiba n-ti pahi siyaasa niriba nyɛla ban chaŋ univɛrsiti ŋɔ bee wuhi Qarawiyyin tum di piligu.

Lihimi m-pahi

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Kundivihira

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Lulat, Y. G.-M.: A History Of African Higher Education From Antiquity To The Present: A Critical Synthesis, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, ISBN 978-0-313-32061-3, pp. 154–157
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Terrasse, Henri (1968). La Mosquée al-Qaraouiyin à Fès; avec une étude de Gaston Deverdun sur les inscriptions historiques de la mosquée (in French). Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lulat, Y. G.-M.: A History Of African Higher Education From Antiquity To The Present: A Critical Synthesis Studies in Higher Education, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, ISBN 978-0-313-32061-3, p. 70:

    As for the nature of its curriculum, it was typical of other major madrasahs such as al-Azhar and Al Qarawiyyin, though many of the texts used at the institution came from Muslim Spain [...] Al-Qarawiyyin began its life as a small mosque constructed in 859 C.E. by means of an endowment bequeathed by a wealthy woman of much piety, Fatima bint Muhammed al-Fahri.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Belhachmi, Zakia (2008). Women, Education, and Science within the Arab-Islamic Socio-Cultural History: Legacies for Social Change (in English). Brill. p. 91. ISBN 978-90-8790-579-8. Significantly, the institutional adjustments of the madaris combined both the structure and the content of these institutions. In terms of structure, the adjustments were twofold: the reorganization of the available original madaris, and the creation of new institutions. This resulted in three different types of Islamic teaching institutions in al-Maghrib. The first type was derived from the fusion of old madaris with new universities. For example, Morocco transformed Al-Qarawiyin (859 A.D) into a university under the supervision of the ministry of education in 1963.
  5. ↑ Shillington, Kevin: Encyclopedia of African History, Vol. 2, Fitzroy Dearborn, 2005, ISBN 978-1-57958-245-6, p. 1025:

    Higher education has always been an integral part of Morocco, going back to the ninth century when the Karaouine Mosque was established. The mosque school, known today as Al Qayrawaniyan University, became part of the state university system in 1947.
  6. ↑ Tibawi, A. L. (1980). "Review of Jami' al-Qarawiyyin: al-Masjid wa'l-Jami'ah bi Madinat Fas (Mausu'ah li-Tarikhiha al-Mi'mari wa'l-Fikri). Al Qaraouiyyine: la Mosquée-Université de Fès (histoire architecturale et intellectuelle)". Arab Studies Quarterly 2 (3): 286–288. ISSN 0271-3519. “there is very little to distinguish it from other institutions that go under the general description of madrasa”
  7. ↑ (2013-08-01) "The madrasah concept of Islamic pedagogy". Educational Review 65 (3). DOI:10.1080/00131911.2012.668873. ISSN 0013-1911. “Traditionalist curriculum is conventionally focused and is naturally open to diverse influences that also represent a traditional Islamic way (Nadwi 2007). For example many madrasah teachers are versed in Islamic pedagogy but also in modern university pedagogic developments such as behaviourist, cognitivist and the more recent constructivist styles. Al-Qarawiyyin University, in Morocco, represents such an institution that is grounded in a traditional madrasah education but for example, continues to adopt ancillary subjects and modern technologies such as mobile learning.”
  8. ↑ Makdisi, George: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages", Studia Islamica, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255–264 (255f.):

    In studying an institution which is foreign and remote in point of time, as is the case of the medieval madrasa, one runs the double risk of attributing to it characteristics borrowed from one's own institutions and one's own times. Thus gratuitous transfers may be made from one culture to the other, and the time factor may be ignored or dismissed as being without significance. One cannot, therefore, be too careful in attempting a comparative study of these two institutions: the madrasa and the university. But in spite of the pitfalls inherent in such a study, albeit sketchy, the results which may be obtained are well worth the risks involved. In any case, one cannot avoid making comparisons when certain unwarranted statements have already been made and seem to be currently accepted without question. The most unwarranted of these statements is the one which makes of the "madrasa" a "university".
  9. ↑ Verger, Jacques: "Patterns", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-521-54113-8, pp. 35–76 (35):

    No one today would dispute the fact that universities, in the sense in which the term is now generally understood, were a creation of the Middle Ages, appearing for the first time between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It is no doubt true that other civilizations, prior to, or wholly alien to, the medieval West, such as the Roman Empire, Byzantium, Islam, or China, were familiar with forms of higher education which a number of historians, for the sake of convenience, have sometimes described as universities. Yet a closer look makes it plain that the institutional reality was altogether different and, no matter what has been said on the subject, there is no real link such as would justify us in associating them with medieval universities in the West. Until there is definite proof to the contrary, these latter must be regarded as the sole source of the model which gradually spread through the whole of Europe and then to the whole world. We are therefore concerned with what is indisputably an original institution, which can only be defined in terms of a historical analysis of its emergence and its mode of operation in concrete circumstances.
  10. ↑ Park, Thomas K.; Boum, Aomar: Historical Dictionary of Morocco, 2nd ed., Scarecrow Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-8108-5341-6, p. 348

    al-qarawiyin is the oldest university in Morocco. It was founded as a mosque in Fès in the middle of the ninth century. It has been a destination for students and scholars of Islamic sciences and Arabic studies throughout the history of Morocco. There were also other religious schools like the madras of ibn yusuf and other schools in the sus. This system of basic education called al-ta'lim al-aSil was funded by the sultans of Morocco and many famous traditional families. After independence, al-qarawiyin maintained its reputation, but it seemed important to transform it into a university that would prepare graduates for a modern country while maintaining an emphasis on Islamic studies. Hence, al-qarawiyin university was founded in February 1963 and, while the dean's residence was kept in Fès, the new university initially had four colleges located in major regions of the country known for their religious influences and madrasas. These colleges were kuliyat al-shari's in Fès, kuliyat uSul al-din in Tétouan, kuliyat al-lugha al-'arabiya in Marrakech (all founded in 1963), and kuliyat al-shari'a in Ait Melloul near Agadir, which was founded in 1979.
  11. ↑ Oldest higher-learning institution, oldest university (en-GB).
  12. ↑ Medina of Fez. UNESCO.
  13. ↑ Deverdun, Gaston (1957). "Une nouvelle inscription idrisite (265 H = 877 J.C.)". Mélanges d'histoire et d'archéologie de l'occident musulman - Tome II - Hommage à Georges Marçais. Imprimerie officielle du Gouvernement Général de l'Algérie. pp. 129–146.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Ahmed, Sumayya (2016-05-26). "Learned women: three generations of female Islamic scholarship in Morocco". The Journal of North African Studies 21 (3): 470–484. DOI:10.1080/13629387.2016.1158110. ISSN 1362-9387.
  15. ↑ Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-33767-4.
  16. ↑ A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Petersen 1996, 87
  17. ↑ Meri, Josef W. (ed.): Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, A–K, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-96691-7, p. 257 (entry "Fez")
  18. ↑ Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010). Le Maroc andalou: à la découverte d'un art de vivre (in French) (2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers. ISBN 978-3-902782-31-1.
  19. ↑ Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800 (in English). Yale University Press.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Le Tourneau, Roger (1949). Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition.
  21. ↑ Terrasse, Henri (1942). La mosquée des Andalous à Fès. Paris: Les Éditions d'art et d'histoire.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 (2016) "Scholastic Excellence of Nalanda and Nalanda Contemporary (415 A.D. – 1200 A.D.) Al-Qarawiyyin: A Comparative Evaluation". INSIGHT Journal of Applied Research in Education 21 (1): 343–351.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Marozzi, Justin (2019). Islamic Empires: Fifteen Cities that Define a Civilization (in English). Penguin UK. ISBN 978-0-241-19905-3.
  24. ↑ Onditi, Francis; Ben-Nun, Gilad; D'Alessandro, Cristina; Levey, Zack (2019). "Antidotes to Extremism: Africa's Refugee Hospitality Paradigm". Contemporary Africa and the Foreseeable World Order (in English). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-4985-9811-8.
  25. ↑ A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :7
  26. ↑ دعوة الحق - [كتاب نفح الطيب للمقري، نموذج فريد في التراجم العربية القديمة.].
  27. ↑ Radtke, Bernd R. (2012). "Aḥmad b. Idrīs". Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill.
  28. ↑ الموسوعة العربية | الكتاني (محمد بن عبد الكبير-).
  29. ↑ Pennell, C.R. (2004). "Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Karīm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. XII (2nd ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. BRILL. p. 634. ISBN 90-04-13974-5.
  30. ↑ Dennerlein, Bettina (2018). "al-Fāsī family". Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill.
  31. ↑ Dr. Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din Al-Hilali - Dar-us-Salam Publications.
  32. ↑ The Biography of Abu al_Fadl ^Abdullah bin as-Siddiq al-Ghumari.

References

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Further reading

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  • Tazi, Abdelhadi. جامع القرويين [The al-Qarawiyyin Mosque] (in Arabic).
  • Terrasse, Henri (1968). La Mosquée al-Qaraouiyin à Fès; avec une étude de Gaston Deverdun sur les inscriptions historiques de la mosquée. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck. (In French; mainly about architecture)
  • Le Tourneau, Roger (1949). Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition. (In French; contains detailed discussion of the institution's operations prior to the French colonial period; in particular, see p. 453 and after)
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Tɛmplet:Fes Tɛmplet:Mosques in Morocco

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