Sɔŋsim:IPA/Hindi and Urdu

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Hindustani (Hindi and Urdu) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-hns}}, {{IPA-hi}}, {{IPA-ur}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See Hindustani phonology, Devanagari, and Urdu alphabet for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Hindi-Urdu.

Consonants
IPA Examples English approximation
Hindi Urdu ISO 15919
b बीस Tɛmplet:Nq bīs cabbie
भालू Tɛmplet:Nq bhālū clubhouse
d[1] दाल Tɛmplet:Nq dāl width, Spanish andar
[1] धूप Tɛmplet:Nq dhūp adhere (but dental)
जान Tɛmplet:Nq jān budging
dʒʱ झड़ना Tɛmplet:Nq jhaṛnā hedgehog
ɖ[1] डालना Tɛmplet:Nq ālnā American bird
ɖʱ[1] ढक्कन Tɛmplet:Nq ḍhakkan American birdhouse
f ख़िलाफ़ Tɛmplet:Nq k͟hilāf fuss
ɡ गोल Tɛmplet:Nq gol ago
ɡʱ घर Tɛmplet:Nq ghar loghouse
ʔ[2] एतबार Tɛmplet:Nq iʻtibār[lower-alpha 1] The pause in "uh-oh!", butter (glottal stop)
ɣ[4] बाग़ Tɛmplet:Nq ġ Spanish fuego
ɦ हम Tɛmplet:Nq ham ahead
हुक्म Tɛmplet:Nq ukm
j याद Tɛmplet:Nq yād yuck
k कमज़ोर Tɛmplet:Nq kamzor scab
खाल Tɛmplet:Nq khāl cab
l लब Tɛmplet:Nq lab leaf
m मगर Tɛmplet:Nq magar much
n नहीं Tɛmplet:Nq nahī̃ panther
ɳ[5] किरण Tɛmplet:Nq kira American burn
ŋ रङ्ग Tɛmplet:Nq rag bang
p पल Tɛmplet:Nq pal spot
फल Tɛmplet:Nq phal pot
q[4] क़रीब Tɛmplet:Nq qarīb somewhat like caught
r[6] रस Tɛmplet:Nq ras Trilled ring
ज़र्रा Tɛmplet:Nq zarra
ɾ[6] ज़रा Tɛmplet:Nq zarā American atom
ɽ लड़ना Tɛmplet:Nq la American garter
ɽʱ पढ़ाई Tɛmplet:Nq paṛhāī no English equivalent
s सब Tɛmplet:Nq sab sun
साफ़ Tɛmplet:Nq āf
साबित Tɛmplet:Nq ābit
ʂ[5] नष्ट Tɛmplet:Nq na shrew
ʃ काश Tɛmplet:Nq ś shoe
t[1] तालाब Tɛmplet:Nq tālāb similar to outthink, Spanish tomar
लतीफ़ा Tɛmplet:Nq laīfa
[1] थैला Tɛmplet:Nq thailā tub (but dental)
चोर Tɛmplet:Nq cor catch
tʃʰ छोड़ना Tɛmplet:Nq choṛnā achoo
ʈ[1] टमाटर Tɛmplet:Nq amāar stub (but retroflex)
ʈʰ[1] ठंड Tɛmplet:Nq ṭhanḍ tub (but retroflex)
ʋ[7] वर्ज़िश Tɛmplet:Nq varziś vat
w[7] पकवान Tɛmplet:Nq pakvān well
x[4] ख़राब Tɛmplet:Nq k͟harāb Scottish loch
z[4] काग़ज़ Tɛmplet:Nq kāġaz zoo
ʒ[4] अझ़दहा Tɛmplet:Nq aždahā pleasure
Vowels
IPA Examples English approximation
Hindi Urdu ISO 15919
काम Tɛmplet:Nq kām father
जेब Tɛmplet:Nq jeb Scottish say
ɛ[8] रहना Tɛmplet:Nq rêhnā pen
ɛː कैसा Tɛmplet:Nq kai fairy
ə कल Tɛmplet:Nq kal about
ɪ जितना Tɛmplet:Nq jitnā sit
जीतना Tɛmplet:Nq jītnā seat
बोलो Tɛmplet:Nq bolo Scottish so
ɔː कौन Tɛmplet:Nq kaun American saw
ʊ उन Tɛmplet:Nq un book
ऊन Tɛmplet:Nq ūn moon
◌̃ हँस Tɛmplet:Nq has nasal vowel faun
([ãː, õː], etc.)
मैं Tɛmplet:Nq mai
Suprasegmentals
IPA Example Notes
ˈ◌ [ˈbaːɦər] stress
(placed before stressed syllable)
◌ː [ˈʊtːəɾ pɾəˈdeːʃ] doubled consonant
(placed after doubled consonant)
  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Hindi and Urdu contrast dental [t] and [d] with apical postalveolar [ʈ] and [ɖ] (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like /t/ and /d/ to most English speakers although the dental [t] and [d] are used in place of the English /θ/ and /ð/ for some speakers with th-stopping.
  2. In a number of words, the Tɛmplet:Nq and/or Tɛmplet:Nq is sometimes pronounced as ʔ in Urdu, which is typically not represented or pronounced in Hindi, except when the Urdu variant is transliterated into Hindi.
  3. Meaning of etibar in English (en).
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Mainly phonemes of Urdu. Hindi speakers may replace [x], [z], [ʒ], [ɣ] and [q] with [kʰ], [dʒ], [dʒʱ], [g] and [k] respectively.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Mainly phonemes of Hindi. Urdu speakers usually replace [ɳ] and [ʂ] with [n] and [ʃ] respectively.
  6. 6.0 6.1 /ɾ/ can surface as a trill [r] in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate /ɾː/ is always a trill.
  7. 7.0 7.1 [w] occurs as an allophone of [ʋ] when / Tɛmplet:Nastaliq/ is in an onglide position between an onset consonant and a following vowel while [ʋ], which may phonetically be [v], occurs otherwise.
  8. [ɛ] occurs as an allophone of /ə/ near an /ɦ/ that is surrounded on both sides by schwas. Usually, the second schwa becomes silent, which results in an [ɛ] preceding an /ɦ/.


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