Ramlila

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Tiŋa	India
Tiŋgbaŋ yaɣili calinli	28°38′31″N 77°13′51″E
Intangible cultural heritage status	National List for Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH), Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
Described at URL	https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ramlila-the-traditional-performance-of-the-ramayana-00110, https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/00110, https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/00110, https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/00110

Tɛmplet:Hinduism Ramlila (Tɛmplet:Lang-sa; din gbunni 'Rama's lila bee dɛma') nyɛla kpɛrigu dɛma din kuli wuhri "Rama" biɛhhigu "Hindu epic Ramayana" bee litricha din pahiri buyi n wuhi shɛm kamani Ramcharitmanas.^[1]Di nyɛla din kui wuhiri ^[2] Hindu buɣa din tabi Rama kpɛrti mini wahi, din pahhiri yuuni yuuni (autumn) chuɣu ni Navaratri, India tiŋgnani ni.^[3] Zaligu din daa zali n-ti yɛlviɛla mini zaɣibiɛri sunsuuni,Ramlila daa zani di naba zuɣu Vijayadashami (Dussehra)yuŋ churi ni ka bɛ nyɔ "giant grotesque effigies" yɛlbiɛri kamani rakshasa (demon) Ravana.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Rama n-nyɛ din pahiri "avatar" buyopɔin Hindu buɣili Vishnu mini "central figure of the Ramayana" ni, "Sanskrit epic" din laɣindi dɛma mini lahabaya din wuhiri biɛhigu. Di yɛltɔɣa taɣamalisi sabbu sabimi n sɔŋ 1st millennium BCE ka Ramlila kpuɣi lala lahabaya ŋɔ. Ramlila nima pam din be North India nyɛla din biɛhigu doli 16th-century tuma din pahi buyi ni Ramayana, Ramcharitmanas lahabali yaɣishɛli din pahi lala yaɣili maa zuliya yɛltɔɣa ni (Awadhi balli din nyɛ Hindi^[7]), Tulsidas nima dini.^[4]^[6]^[8]Lala yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ ka bɛ mai n diri alizama bɛ kali yɛltɔɣa ni. Ramlila committees (Samitis) n su "Open-air productions",ka tiŋkansi bee fɔna ban baɣili su ariziki ku n niŋ din ni.^[9] Bɛ malila bɛ ni wuhiri shɛba lala kpɛrigu waa ŋɔ, amaa di wabu dali nyɛla din laɣindi salo pam.^[4] Lala ŋɔ pahila Hindu kaya ni taɣada puuni, din zani n-ti di bug'dobba mini bug'paɣaba amaa ka di leei nyɛ din be Rama, Durga (dini n-nyɛ Durga Puja) mini Krishna (dini n-nyɛ Rasalila), dini n-nyɛ churi din mali yuli Indian yaɣli.^[1]

Ramlila churi nyɛla UNESCOnima ni kali shɛli m-pahi "Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity" ni yuuni 2008. Taarihi ni, Ramlila nyɛla din be Hindu tiŋ'si ni kamani Ayodhya, Varanasi, Vrindavan, Almora, Satna n-ti pahi Madhubani –tiŋ'sh`eŋa din be Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar n'ti pji Madhya Pradesh.^[4]^[9] Lala yɛltɔɣataɣamalisi ŋɔ mini di kpɛrgu kpɛribu kpɛla Southeast Asia 1st millennium CE, ka Ramayana nima Ramlila pahila Indonesia kaya ni taɣada shɛli ni, di bahi bahindi Hindu tiŋ'si ni kamani Bali, Myanmar, Cambodia n-ti pahi Thailand.^[10] 19th mini 20th centuries ha, di ni daa niŋ ka "Indian diaspora"yi n chaŋ European colonies" nti leei indentured servants, Ramlila kaya ni taɣada churi pa bela dunia yaɣa kamani Mauritius, Africa, Fiji, Guyana, Malaysia, Singapore, South Africa, Suriname, n-ti pahi Trinidad and Tobago. Di lahi be la United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Australia, n-ti pahi New Zealand.^[11]^[12]

Etymology and nomenclature

Ramlila nyɛla Sanskritbachinima din laɣim taba "Rama" ("Vishnu avatar") ni "Lila" (dɛmat). James Lochtefeld yɛliya,ni bachinima maa wuhirila "Rama kpɛrigu dɛma" din nyɛlla deen shɛli bɛ ni dɛmdi nimmohi ka lahi nyɛ "adiini yɛl'kpeeni" din mali anfaani n-ti bɛ ban niŋdi li maa mini ban yuuni zaa.^[1]

Ram Lila gbunni lɛbigibu, states Norvin Hein, nyɛla "Rama's sport".^[13]

Ninvuɣi shɛba bɛ ni wuhui ka bɛ niŋdi Ramlila nyɛla bɛ ni booni ninvuɣ'shɛba Mandalis.^[13]

Taarihi

A Ramayana-based Ramlila dance troupe in Bali, Indonesia.

Lala chuɣu ŋɔ nyɛla India kali, ka Sanskrit Hindu sabbu Natya Shastra wuhiri di niŋbu affani nima din doli ŋɔ na:^[14]^[15]

Let Nātya (drama and dance) be the fifth vedic scripture.
Combined with an epic story,
tending to virtue, wealth, joy and spiritual freedom,
it must contain the significance of every scripture,
and forward every art.

— Nātyaśāstra 1.14–15^[16]^[17]

Ramlilan-nyɛ niriba pam ni toooi puhiri chuɣu shɛli pam Hinduism.^[1] Ramayanayɛltɔɣatamalisi pili la 1st millennium BCE,ka di nyɛ Itihasa India litricha balibu puuni yini. Ramlila chuɣu ni puhi piligu yuun shɛli n-leei bi neei. Ramcharitmanas tuuli niŋbu 16th century Tulsidas bɛ sabi sɔŋ, amaa kali ni wuhi shɛm, o shikuru bila Megha Bhagat yɛlimi jɛndi Ramcharitmanas din dalim Ramlila yuuni 1625.^[6]Norvin Hein ni yɛli shɛm, Buɣa mini adiini bɔhimbu baŋda ŋun bɔhimbu jɛndi Indology, Ramlila daa be la "vogue" ni pɔi ni 1625, di yi kuli bi yuui North India di saha paaya kamani 1200 mini 1500 CE, amaa di yaa daa dalim la Valmiki's Ramayana.^[6]^[18]^[19] Richard Schechne yɛltɔɣa puuni, Ramlilazilim n gari, din chanimi ni Sanskrit saabu mini ʒemana binyɛra.^[20]

The Ramayana relief artwork in 8th century Cave 16 of Ellora suggests its importance to Indian society by then.^[21]

Ramlila revolves around the epic of Rama (blue figure), depicted here with his wife Sita and brother Lakshmana

A modern Ramayana production.

Kundivihira

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 James G. Lochtefeld 2002, p. 389.
↑ (1977) "The Ramlila of Ramnagar [India]". The Drama Review: TDR 21 (3): 51–82. DOI:10.2307/1145152.
↑ Encyclopedia Britannica 2015.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Ramlila, the traditional performance of the Ramayana, UNESCO
↑ Ramlila Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle, by Asha Kasbekar. Published by ABC-CLIO, 2007. ISBN 1-85109-636-1. Page 42.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 William Sax (2003). Peter J. Claus; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (eds.). South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 507. ISBN 978-0-415-93919-5.
↑ Jennifer Lindsay (2006). Between Tongues: Translation And/of/in Performance in Asia. National University of Singapore Press. pp. 12–14. ISBN 978-9971-69-339-8.
↑ Constance Jones & James D. Ryan 2006, p. 457.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 James G. Lochtefeld 2002, pp. 561-562.
↑ Mandakranta Bose (2004). The Ramayana Revisited. Oxford University Press. pp. 342–350. ISBN 978-0-19-516832-7.
↑ Ramlila – the Traditional Performance of the Ramayana UNESCO.
↑ Ramlila – The traditional performance of Ramayana – Part I & II Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 Norvin Hein (1958). "The Ram Lila". Journal of American Folklore 71: 279–280. DOI:10.2307/538562.
↑ Katherine Young; Arvind Sharma (2004). Her Voice, Her Faith: Women Speak on World Religions. Westview Press. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0-8133-4666-3.
↑ Guy L. Beck (2012). Sonic Liturgy: Ritual and Music in Hindu Tradition. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 138–139. ISBN 978-1-61117-108-2. Quote: "A summation of the signal importance of the Natyasastra for Hindu religion and culture has been provided by Susan Schwartz, "In short, the Natyasastra is an exhaustive encyclopedic dissertation of the arts, with an emphasis on performing arts as its central feature. It is also full of invocations to deities, acknowledging the divine origins of the arts and the central role of performance arts in achieving divine goals (...)".
↑ Natyashastra. Sanskrit Documents.
↑ Coormaraswamy and Duggirala (1917). The Mirror of Gesture. Harvard University Press.; Also see chapter 36
↑ Norvin Hein (1972), The Miracle Plays of Mathura, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0300011975, pages 70-125
↑ Norvin Hein (1970). "The Ram Lila". In Milton Singer (ed.). Traditional India: Structure and Change. American Folklore Society. pp. 73–79. ISBN 978-0292735040.
↑ Richard Schechner (1983). Performative circumstances, from the avant garde to Ramlila. Seagull Books. pp. 291–293. ISBN 978-8170460183.
↑ Kapila Vatsyayan (2004). Mandakranta Bose (ed.). The Ramayana Revisited. Oxford University Press. pp. 335–339. ISBN 978-0-19-516832-7.

44. Shri Sitaram Dharmmandal, Saraiharkhu Ramleela www.dharmmandal.com

Bibliography

Cynthia Bradley (2012). Denise Cush; Catherine Robinson; Michael York (eds.). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-18979-2.
Alain Daniélou (1991). The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. ISBN 978-0-89281-354-4.
Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5.
David Kinsley (1988). Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-90883-3.
David R. Kinsley (1989). The Goddesses' Mirror: Visions of the Divine from East and West. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-835-5.
James G. Lochtefeld (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 0-8239-2287-1.
Rocher, Ludo (1986). The Puranas. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3447025225.
Navratri – Hindu festival (21 February 2017).
Actors, Pilgrims, Kings And Gods: The Ramlila of Ramnagar, by Anuradha Kapur, Seagull, 2006. ISBN 1-905422-20-2.
"Peasants in the Pacific: A Study of Fiji Indian Rural Society," Adrian C. Mayer, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1973.
"The Cambridge Guide to Asian Theatre," James R. Brandon, Cambridge University Press, 1997.

External links

Ramlila at Ramnagar Fort Varanasi-find all info^{[permanent dead link]}
Shri Sitaram DharmMandal, Saraiharkhu Jaunpur Ramleela from 1932https://www.dharmmandal.com/

Tɛmplet:Ramayana

Tɛmplet:Hindudharma

[FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld2002389-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 James G. Lochtefeld 2002, p. 389.

[SchechnerHess51-2] (1977) "The Ramlila of Ramnagar [India]". The Drama Review: TDR 21 (3): 51–82. DOI:10.2307/1145152.

[FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica2015-3] Encyclopedia Britannica 2015.

[unescodussehra-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Ramlila, the traditional performance of the Ramayana, UNESCO

[5] Ramlila Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle, by Asha Kasbekar. Published by ABC-CLIO, 2007. ISBN 1-85109-636-1. Page 42.

[claus507-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 William Sax (2003). Peter J. Claus; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (eds.). South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 507. ISBN 978-0-415-93919-5.

[7] Jennifer Lindsay (2006). Between Tongues: Translation And/of/in Performance in Asia. National University of Singapore Press. pp. 12–14. ISBN 978-9971-69-339-8.

[FOOTNOTEConstance_JonesJames_D._Ryan2006457-8] Constance Jones & James D. Ryan 2006, p. 457.

[FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld2002561-562-9] 9.0 ^9.1 James G. Lochtefeld 2002, pp. 561-562.

[10] Mandakranta Bose (2004). The Ramayana Revisited. Oxford University Press. pp. 342–350. ISBN 978-0-19-516832-7.

[un-11] Ramlila – the Traditional Performance of the Ramayana UNESCO.

[12] Ramlila – The traditional performance of Ramayana – Part I & II Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts

[hein279-13] 13.0 ^13.1 Norvin Hein (1958). "The Ram Lila". Journal of American Folklore 71: 279–280. DOI:10.2307/538562.

[katherineyoung20-14] Katherine Young; Arvind Sharma (2004). Her Voice, Her Faith: Women Speak on World Religions. Westview Press. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0-8133-4666-3.

[GuyBeckp138-15] Guy L. Beck (2012). Sonic Liturgy: Ritual and Music in Hindu Tradition. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 138–139. ISBN 978-1-61117-108-2. Quote: "A summation of the signal importance of the Natyasastra for Hindu religion and culture has been provided by Susan Schwartz, "In short, the Natyasastra is an exhaustive encyclopedic dissertation of the arts, with an emphasis on performing arts as its central feature. It is also full of invocations to deities, acknowledging the divine origins of the arts and the central role of performance arts in achieving divine goals (...)".

[16] Natyashastra. Sanskrit Documents.

[mog17-17] Coormaraswamy and Duggirala (1917). The Mirror of Gesture. Harvard University Press.; Also see chapter 36

[18] Norvin Hein (1972), The Miracle Plays of Mathura, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0300011975, pages 70-125

[19] Norvin Hein (1970). "The Ram Lila". In Milton Singer (ed.). Traditional India: Structure and Change. American Folklore Society. pp. 73–79. ISBN 978-0292735040.

[Schechner1983-20] Richard Schechner (1983). Performative circumstances, from the avant garde to Ramlila. Seagull Books. pp. 291–293. ISBN 978-8170460183.

[vatsyayan335-21] Kapila Vatsyayan (2004). Mandakranta Bose (ed.). The Ramayana Revisited. Oxford University Press. pp. 335–339. ISBN 978-0-19-516832-7.

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