Dagbani Wikipedia

Négritude

Négritude (French balli puuni "nègre" mini "-itude" nyɛla din wuhiri gbansabinli tali ka Siliminsi lee boli li "Blackness"), di nyɛla kpatuɣa shɛli din sɔŋdi m-bori kahigibu n-tiri gbana bee lahabaya ŋan jɛndi buku bee kpɛrigu mini litiricha baŋsim. Di nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛba francophone nima baŋdibima, sasabiriba, n ti pahi siyaasanima ban daa be tiŋa yuli booni African diaspora yuuni 1930s saha la ha ni daa kpuri shɛli ka di niiya daa nyɛ ni di zooi ka gu ka taɣi din yɛn che ka "gbansanbila hankali lɛbigi bee ka di yɛligi" n-zaŋ du Africa mini ban waliwali taba. Négritude nyɛla din laɣim sasabiriba kamani bihipiriba Paulette n ti pahi bihipiriba Jeanne Nardal (ti ni mi shɛba ka bɛ mali baŋsimtula pam zaŋ kpa lala laɣingu ŋɔ polo la),[1] Martinican sasabira Aimé Césaire, Abdoulaye Sadji, Léopold Sédar Senghor (ŋun nyɛ tuuli tiŋgbani zuɣulana n-ti Senegal nima), n ti pahi Léon Damas ŋun mi daa yi French Guiana na la. Négritude baŋdiba daa nyɛla ban zaɣisi siliminsi ni boli shɛli colonialism, gaŋbu mini bɛ ni boli shɛli Eurocentrism la. Bɛ daa nyɛla ban bo soya n duhi Africa kaya ni taɣadanima zuɣusaa bɛ ni boli shɛli Franco-African ties la sunsuuni.[2] Baŋdiba ŋɔ daa lahi nyɛla ban zaŋ bɛ ni boli shɛli Marxist siyaasatali baŋsim la n tumdi tuma kaya ni taɣada din daa kana dabba gbahibu saha.[3] Sasabiriba ŋɔ daa nyɛla ban niŋ Zaɣa ni bɛ ni boli shɛba surrealist nima la litiricha sabbu baŋsim puuni, ka shɛba mi yɛli ni lala Surrealist nima ŋɔ sabbu biɛhisi nyɛla din mali yee bɛ zuɣu, bɛ tuma puuni bɛ tooi zooi ka bɛ wuhiri nyari shɛŋa bɛ ni boli shɛli ni diasporic being la ni nyara bɛ yi yɛn yɛli yɛlimaŋli zaŋ jɛndi niŋsala biɛhigu polo, yiŋa mini ninsalitali.

Lala Négritude ŋɔ daa nyɛla din daa kpaŋsi ka laɣinsi pam yina n gili bɛ ni boli shɛli the Afro-Diasporic world, di bahi bahindi bɛ ni boli shɛba Afro-Surrealism, Créolité din be Caribbean la, n ti pahi siliminsi ni boli shɛba black is beautiful ka bɛ be United States tingbani ni la. Frantz Fanon nyɛla ŋun daa tooi zooi ka o nyari o Kundivihira din be o sabbu ni la Négritude nima sani.[4]

Taarihi

mali niŋ

Négritude nyɛla bachinamdili shɛli bɛ ni daa nam yuuni 1930s la saha ha ka di nyɛ din jɛndi Frenchnima bachi nègre, ka di mini di siliminsilini gbunni zaa daa nyɛ yuliʒim ka di nyɛ din gbunni yi di ha ka chɛ gbaŋsabilinlitali.[5][6] Din daa che ka laɣingu ŋɔ nima daa boli bɛ maŋa Négritude daa nyɛmi ni di sɔŋ ba ka bɛ nya lala bachi ŋɔ kamani siliminsi ni boli bachi shɛli ni di emic biɛhigu zaŋ ti libigimsim. Lala bachi ŋɔ daa na nyɛla Aimé Césaire ni daa na tuui n zandi shɛli ŋa mɔfoloji gbunni n tiri ŋa, din daa lahi pahi ata (silimin gɔli May hali ni June ni, yuuni 1935 puuni) bɛ ni boli shɛli L'Étudiant noir la ni,[7] o ni daa piligi lahabali shɛli Paris la ni o shikurubihi taba n yarila Léopold Senghor mini Léon Damas, n ti tabili Gilbert Gratiant [fr], Leonard Sainville, Louis T. Achille, Aristide Maugée, ni Paulette Nardal. Lala bachi ŋɔ daa nyɛla din daa tuugi n yina Césaire tuuli baŋsim sabirili puuni n nyɛla "Conscience Raciale et Révolution Sociale", ka di lahabali zuɣu daa nyɛ "Les Idées" ka di yaɣili yuli daa nyɛ "Négreries", din nyɛ sokam ni mi shɛli ka di bi saɣi n-ti bɛ ni boli shɛli assimilation din daa nyɛ so'chibikpani n ti zaɣ'sibu ni din ni daa lan n mali nègre bachi ŋɔ n zaani din gbunni ni nyɛ shɛm la. Muɣusigu shɛli din daa jɛndi lala bɛ nangbanyini laɣingu ŋɔ daa nyɛmi ni bɛ ni tooi zaŋ so n pahi kaya ni taada shɛli puuni ban nya ka African nima kaya ni taada nyɛ bɛ ni yuli n ʒeim shɛli ka lahi n nya shɛli di nyɛ din kurigi pam ni di nyɛ "nineesim". Lala nangbanyinl laɣingu (assimilation) din be kaya ni taada puuni ŋɔ din yɛn nyɛla Nègretude nima ni di yɛn fo ka deei shɛli. Bɛ daa pun n mali Nègre n tumdi tuma ka di daa na nyɛla bɛ ni daa na bi n saɣi ti shɛli gbunni. Césaire daa nyɛla ŋun sha da ka daa zaŋ lala nintiɣilika (bɛ ni boli shɛli derogatory la) bachi ŋɔ n pahi o filosofitali yuli puuni. Césaire's ni daa naɣi n libigi mɔfim tuɣirili ŋɔ "-itude" shɛm la ka Senghor daa bi saɣi n ti ni kadama ni lala " negritude" has often been ŋɔ daa nyɛla din daa pun nyɛ mɔfim pɔi ka daa naain yi lebi baŋsim lahabali zuɣu ,[8] tɔ amaa lala mɔfim tuɣirili ŋɔ nyɛla din sɔŋ Césaire ka o daa tooi n zaŋ litiricha biɛlima bachinima n ku o bukaata bɛ ni boli shɛli racist science la ni.[6]

Influences

mali niŋ

Yuuni 1885 la puuni, bɛ ni boli shɛba Haitian anthropologist Anténor Firmin nima la daa nyɛla ban yihi palim palim baŋsim sabirili shɛli bɛ boli De l'égalité des races humaines (Din wuhiri ni ti zaa nyɛla yim dinzuɣu di bi tu ni ti gaŋdi taba), di daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa yihi shɛli na ni bɛ zaŋ n suhi French nima sasabira Count Arthur de Gobineau's Essai sur l'inégalité des Races Humaines (gbaŋ shɛli o ni daa sabi n jɛndi gaŋbu daadamanima ni). Firmin niŋsim puuni ka Jean Price-Mars, ŋun daa nyɛ kpema n ti bɛ ni boli shɛba Haitian ethnology ni ŋun daa lan n-nyɛ ŋun nam bɛ ni boli shɛli Indigenism, n ti pahi yuun'pishi saha la ha America nima shɛba bɛ ni boli anthropologist Melville Herskovits. Gbaŋsabila baŋdiba nyɛla ban zooi ka bɛ mali suhupiɛli ni bɛ ni boli shɛba Haiti nima ŋɔ ka di bi yi shɛli na n pahila bɛ dabtali taɣibu shɛli Toussaint Louverture ni daa gari tooni ka shɛli niŋ yuuni 1790s saha la sunsuuni. Césaire daa yɛliya ni kadama lala bɛ ni boli shɛba Haiti as nima nyɛla ban mi "luɣ'shɛli polo négritude ni daa nya naba n zani di tuuli saha maa".

Lala bɛ ni boli shɛba Harlem Renaissance, ka bɛ nyɛ ban mali litiricha sabbu baŋsim so'shɛli bɛ ni daa nam Harlem puuni din be Manhattan ni yuuni 1920s mini1930s la ni ka mali niŋsim bɛ ni boli shɛli Négritude philosophy la puuni. Lala Harlem Renaissance's ŋɔ sasabira, di bahi bahindi Langston Hughes, Richard Wright, Claude McKay, Alain Locke n ti pahi W.E.B. Du Bois nima daa nyɛla ban bɔ kahigibu n-ti lala yɛl'kpeeni nima ŋɔ "noireism", gaŋbutali mini "double-consciousness".

Yuuni 1920s mini yuuni 1930s saha la ha ni, gbaŋsabila shikurubihi polla n ti pahi shikuru baŋdiba ban daa yi Faransinima sani na ka daa be bɛ tiŋ'kɔɣa shɛŋa ŋan gili ba ŋɔ daa nyɛla ban laɣim Paris tingbani ni ka bɛ daa n zaŋ ba n wuhi lala Harlem Renaissance ŋɔ sasabiriba kamani Langston Hughes mini Claude McKay. Ban daa zaŋ ba n wuhi sasabiriba ŋɔ n daa nyɛ Paulette Nardal mini o tuzopsɣa Jane. Bɛ ni boli shɛba Nardal sisters nima ŋɔ daa nyɛla ban gba daa n tɔhi n niŋ Négritude nima ŋɔ laɣimgbaai puuni bɛ sabbu nima ni. Bɛ daa lahi nyɛla ban su zabiri malibu shito'shɛli bɛ ni boli Clamart Salon la din tii shitɔɣu n-ti bɛ ni boli shɛba Afro-French intelligentsia la ka Négritude baŋdiba daa lee tooi zooi ka bɛ ʒiini n gbaari bɛ gbaabunima. Di maani ka bɛ daa n lan nyɛ hankali zaŋ kpa bɛ ni boli shɛli La Revue du Monde Noir daa yina. Paulette Nardal mini bɛ ni boli shɛba Haitian nima la Dr. Leo Sajou daa nyɛla daa yuli ka lala La Revue du Monde Noir (yuuni 1931–32) ŋɔ litiricha lahabali la daa yina Siliminsili mini Faransi ni ka di nyɛ di chaŋ bela n ti Africanima mini Caribbeanima baŋdiba ban daa be Paris la. Lala Harlem nima ŋɔ daa nyɛla ban kpaŋsi bɛ ni boli shɛba parallel development of negrismo n ti pahi bɛ ni boli shɛba acceptance of "double-apparantence", double-consciousness, din be Spanish Caribbean yaɣili la.

Nardal sisters nima ŋɔ n daa n lahi n-nyɛ ban piligi lala Harlem Renaissance ŋɔ mini di haŋkali parisi n-ti Césaire, Senghor, n ti tabili Damas. Gbaŋ shɛli din daa yina silimin gɔli February, yuuni 1960 puuni la ni, Senghor daa nyɛla n wuhi bɛ ni boli shɛba Nardal sisters nima ŋɔ daa anfaani nima, " Ti mini Anashaara tingbani gbaŋsabila n daa be yuuni 1929 hali ni di yuuni 34 ka di nyɛla Mademoiselle Paulette Nardall daa alibarika ni... ka ti daa kpa kept a litiricha ʒishee ka di nyɛ luɣ'shɛli polo bɛ ni boli shɛba Africanima Negroestrans, West Indians, n ti pahi Americanima Negroes daa yi laɣimda taba." Jane Nardal yuuni 1929 lahabali, "Internationalisme noir" daa nyɛla din yina pɔi ni Senghor tuuli vihigu baŋsim yaɣili lahabali, "What the Black Man Contributes", din daa yina 1939 yuuni la ni.[9] Lala lahabali ŋɔ, "Internationalisme noir", nyɛla din sabi n jɛndi gaŋbu shɛli din be bɛ ni boli shɛli African diaspora mini kaya ni taada metissage, double-apparentance; bɛ ni daa nyɛ shɛli ka di nyɛla haŋkali bee baŋsim shɛli bɛ ni du n ba ka bɛ ni boli shɛli Négritude movement tuma chani viɛyɛlinga.[9] Lala Nardal sisters nima ŋɔ mini bɛ haŋkali parisi n ti pahi anfaani shɛli bɛ Clamart Salon ni bo n-ti laɣingu maa zaa yoli, bɛ daa bi chɛ ka bɛ bori lɛbigimsim shɛŋa n tiri Négritude ka di nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛba masculinist ban daa nyɛ ban galisi pam lala laɣingu maa ni. Paulette ŋun daa tɔm n sabi pam yuuni 1960 maa ni n yɛri fabinda "fabilingu shɛli din mali nimmɔhi" zaŋ kpa bɛ ni bi nya o mini o tuzopaɣa Jane kpaŋmaŋa lala laɣingu maa puuni tum daa maa hali ni zuŋɔna ʒemani ŋɔ amaa ka di lee kuli nyɛla Césaire, Senghor, mini Damas koŋko. Bɛ yuli shɛli bɛ ni boli ni Nardal ŋɔ nyɛla din pahi din ni.

Lɛbigimsim shɛŋa din daa niŋ yuuni 20s saha maa
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Négritude kpamba maa zaɣ'yino kam daa malila o haŋkali ni baŋsim zaŋ kpa daliri shɛli mini sabbu so'shɛli zuɣu din ni daa kpiri li n ti pahi baŋsim shɛli bɛ ni dihi n tabili ka di nanhingbana nyɛ din tuhiri siliminsi ni boli shɛli colonialism la, ni bɛ zaɣisi Europe nima ni niŋdi ba ka binkɔbiri la, n ti pahi ni di zaɣisi anashaaratali mini bɛ baŋsim. Laɣingu ŋɔ lahi nyɛla din ʒiya n-ti bɛ ni boli shɛli Heideggerian la ka di daliri daa nyɛ di nasara ka gbaŋsabila ni "ʒi dunia yaanga zuɣu niŋ dawama", din yɛn che ka gbansabila gba mali taarihi ni kaya ni taada shɛli din gba ni tooi zani di ka mali nyaɣisim ni jiri tingbani shɛŋa puuni. Yaha di daa anfaani daa lahi nyɛla din daa n taɣi deei bɛ mabuma ni bɛ nyɛla gbansabila ka daa n lahi n mali African taarihi, kaya ni taada, mini bɛ yɛlikura n puhiri churi. Bɛ litiricha sabbu baŋsim daa nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli surrealistic la ka bɛ daa lee yu bɛ ni boli shɛba Marxist la baŋsim parisi.

Kɔbani kpaŋsibu n -ti Négritude laɣingu ŋɔ n daa ti che ka Aimé Césaire's, Leopold Senghor's, n ti pahi Leon Damas's suhuri daa bi paligi, ka di daa bi niŋ ba nyaɣisim hali ka bɛ daa ti zaŋ bɛ suhuyurilim n kpɛhi di puuni na ka di daa yiɣisi ba zabili Afro-French sulinsi puuni bɛ ni daa be France tingbani ni. Bɛ zaɣ'yinokam daa mali suhuyurilim shɛli din daa be konkoba ni bɛ tuhi gbansabila gaŋbu mini siliminsi ni boli shɛli ni colonial injustices la ka di daa che ka bɛ dunia mini bɛ French shikuru bɔhimbu ni wuhibu kuri suli. Senghor daa zaɣisimi ni o baŋ kadama ni daliri shɛli zuɣu o ni daa chani shikuru daa nyami ni " kpaŋsi dolodolo yisatali ka n lahi nya nineesim n-niŋ o suhu shɛli ni chafiritali ni daa be ŋɔ". Césaire suhuyiɣisili ŋɔ daa kana mi ka nyɛ vi saha shɛli bɛ ni daa be Caribbean nima la ni daa ŋma ʒiri n pa o ni o ka binshɛɣu n yɛn niŋ n-ti Africa tiŋa bihi dama bɛ nya ka o nyɛla ŋun bi lɛbigi. Bɛ zaa daa wɔligila bɛ maŋa ka daa che Africa ka che ka sokam baŋ ni bɛ ninna nehiya. O daa yihila sasabira Caribbean nima sani ka o nyɛla "baŋdi so ŋun zura ka lahi nyɛ so anashaaranima ni labisi so haŋkali nyaaŋa". Damas gba daa saɣiya n-ti o yɛligu ŋɔ manbuma shɛŋa lala sasabiriba ŋɔ ni daa pa mali la zuɣu din daa pa niŋ ka siliminsi ŋɔ ni tooi n karim bɛ lahabaya hali n ti naai ka bi jɛndi n baŋ sasabira ŋɔ ni yɛri n jɛndi shɛli.

Aimé Césaire
mali niŋ

Césaire daa nyɛla sasabira, kpɛrigu sasabira ni siyaasa nira ŋun daa yi Martinique na. Paris ka o daa niŋ o karimbu ni bɔhimbu , di maani ka o daa lahi wum gbansabila laɣingu ŋɔ yela ka daa lan labi baŋ Africa. O daa nya ka Négritude ŋɔ nyɛla ŋan jɛndi gbansabilitali, di saɣi n-ti mini ka paɣi di taarihi ni di kaya ni taada n ti tabili gbansabila. Di tu ni ti baŋ ka dama ni di yi kpalim Césaire, lala saɣi n-ti gbansabilitali jɛnda ŋɔ daa nyɛla so'shɛli din daa yɛn chɛ ka bɛ hankaya bi fa. O daa yɛliya ni, anashaara siyaasa zalisi puuni n daa che ka bɛ daa n gaŋdi gbansabila maa. O daa suhiya ni o yuli laɣingu shɛli gbansabila ni daa kpa zaŋ jɛndi bɛ ni daa nya nyari shɛŋa maŋsulinsi deebu ni —bɛ ni boli shɛli ni the slave trade mini bɔraade pukparitali saha la zaa. Césaire baŋsim ŋɔ daa nyɛla din niŋ ba anfaani pam saha shɛli ni bɛ ni daa piligi Négritude.

Césaire mini Senghor sunsuuni, bɛ daa bi pii Césaire—ŋun daa yi o bɔhimbu shee n labina Martinique ka daa nyɛ bɛ ni daa pii so ka o nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛli mayor of Fort de France la o bɔhimbu nyaaŋa, din nyɛ tinzuɣu ka lahi n ʒiya n-ti Martinique n be France jina duu— balee Senghor ŋun be Senegal ŋɔ ka daa nyɛ ŋun daa tɛhira ni o deei bɛ maŋmaŋa siyaasa na France nima sani. Césaire daa chemi ka France nima siyaasatali din daa ka gaŋbu di puuni la n-ti Martinique mini bɛ ni daa boli shɛli the Loi de départementalisation [fr] (din daa nyɛ di yaɣili zalisi la) ka daa lee bi yihi Martinique kaya ni taada n bahi.

Leopold Senghor
mali niŋ

Négritude, Senghor yɛltaɣa puuni di nyɛla din yɛn sɔŋ ka gbansabila ban daa be French tingbana ni la gba mali "nuu bee yee French nima jina shee ka mani di tiŋa bihi la". Tɔ amaa, French nima ŋɔ daa lee n-ti la Senegal mini African tingbaŋ'shɛŋa din daa deei di maŋsulinsi soli. Sasabira ni ŋun daa nyɛ tuuli tingbani zuɣulana n-ti Sénégal, Senghor ŋuna n daa nyɛ ŋun tuui n zaŋ Négritude to anfaani ni daa nyɛ shɛli di bahi bahindi zaŋ ti African nima n wuhi dunia. Ŋuna n daa lahi nyɛ ŋun daa suhi ni Africa kaya ni taada ni di baŋsim paɣibu pahi ʒemana kam ni. Lala baŋsim shɛli o ni daa zaŋ pahi Négritude tended puuni ŋɔ nyɛla din yoli punpɔŋɔna ʒemana kam puuni.

Leon Damas
mali niŋ

Damas daa nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli French Guianese la sasabira ka daa lahi nyɛ siliminsi ni boli so National Assembly member la. O daa malila sojatali yaa n zabiri "gbansabila nahingbana" zuɣu ka daa zaɣisi gbaabu ka ni Caucasians nima la. Laɣingu daa malila mali niŋ yaɣa ayi n ti bɛ ni boli shɛli anthologie nima la; di yini daa nyɛla Damas ni daa yihi shɛli na yuuni 1946 la ni, Poètes d'expression française yuuni 1900–1945. Senghor mii gba daa chaŋmi n ti yihi Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache de langue française yuuni 1948 la puuni. Damas ni daa piligi lahabali maa mini di litiricha anthology la daa nyɛla din daa be ka siliminsi ni boli shɛi ni meant to be manifesto la n-ti laɣingu maa amaa, Senghor maŋmaŋa litiricha lahabaya gahinda daa nyɛla din deei lala zaashee ŋɔ. Tɔ amaa di ni tooi nyɛ sabbu shɛli French baŋda ni shikuru bila kuɣinli Jean-Paul Sartre ni yu ni di di nyɛ litiricha lahabali gahindili shɛli duhi Négritude into n tahi baŋsim di baŋsim yɛligibu yɛltaɣa ni.

Damas lahabali piligu daa nyɛla din daa dahi siyaasatali mini kaya ni taada polo. Nahingbaŋ shɛli din daa wɔligi o litiricha lahabali gahinda ŋɔ mini o dihitabili daa nyɛmi ; Damas ni daa tɛhi ni lahabali maa nyɛla din yɛri n tiri ban deei bɛ maŋsulinsi ka daa lahi yɛri zaŋ kpa sasabiriba ban daa yi Indochina mini Madagascar na la. Ŋɔ nyɛla din bi lu n zahim Senghor litiricha lahabali gahinda ŋɔ. Piligu maa, Damas daa molimi ni punpɔŋɔ n-nyɛ saha shɛli "ninvuɣ'so ŋun deei o maŋsulinsi tu ni o baŋ o talahi ni o tuma ni nyɛ shɛli din yi niŋ ka o nyɛ sasabira, salinsalinda, lahabali sabira bee sasabira." Damas daa pe n pela lahabali maa yɛlkpana ni nyɛ shɛŋa zaa n sɔŋ. Ka daa n yɛli ni "fara, shikuru baŋsim kalinsi, amaana dibu ninsalinima sunsuuni, daadam ni be shem mini siyaasatali gaŋbu shɛŋa gbansabila bee siliminsi, dabtali, ninsali shɛba ni gari shɛba shɛm, ʒiri, niŋsim chɛ n jɛli, ŋaribu, sɔŋsim kalinsi, nintiɣibo, dabiɛmtali, tooisim kalinsi, tum'biɛri shɛŋa ti ni tumda ni ti deei ti maŋmasi suhuyurilim, ni ti yɛli ni ti zaa nyɛla yim, ni dabtali laɣingu, din nima n-nyɛ yɛltɔɣataɣimalisi din nyɛ French balli ŋɔ yɛlkpeeni." Damas lahabali piligu daa shiri nyɛla din booni kaya ni taada baŋbu ni achiik.

Reception
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Yuuni 1948 la puuni, Jean-Paul Sartre daa wuhi Négritude nima ni dihi n tabili baŋsim shɛli ni o lahabali shɛli o ni daa boli "Orphée Noir" ("Black Orpheus") la ni[10] din nyɛ di piligu n-ti bɛ ni boli shɛba francophone nima la taɣimalisi din yuli booni Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache, ka daa nyɛ Léopold Senghor ni daa n laɣim shɛli . Gbaŋ ŋɔ puuni, Sartre daa nyɛla ŋun yihi nahingbana shɛŋa din che ka négritude nyɛ lɛbili n ti siliminsi la ni daa n gaŋdi ti shɛm Hegelian dialectic puuni ni dini sɔŋ o shɛm ka o wuhi Négritude yɛltɔɣa ni nyɛ shɛli n ti French nima ŋɔ baŋdiba. O tɛha puuni, négritude daa nyɛla siliminsi ni boli ni "anti-racist racism" (racisme antiraciste) la, so'shɛli din daa nyɛ kpalimkpaa ni di yihi gaŋbu daadama ni.

Négritude daa lahi nyɛla gbansabila sasabiriba ni daa lan n vihi shɛli zuɣu yuuni 1960s saha maa ka di nyɛla din bi bɔri zabili. Keorapetse Kgositsile daa yɛliya ni lala bachi ŋɔ maa Négritude daa nyɛla din jɛndi gbansabilitali pam kamani din ni daa pun n yɛli shɛm la siliminsi ni boli shɛli European aesthetic la ni, ka daa lee bi tooi n wuhi tɛha pala n-ti siliminsi ni boli shɛli African-ness la din yɛn yihi gbansabila mini bɛ tuma Caucasian nima yela ni.

Nigeria kpɛri'sabira, sasabira, ni salinsalindiba Chinua Achebe mini Wole Soyinka nima daa nyɛla ban bi n saɣi n ti Négritude. Bɛ daa tɛhimi ni bɛ yi n yihi n pani polo ni ni sokam baŋ bɛ zuliya ni nyɛ shɛli gbansabila daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa yɛn n gu ka taɣi shɛba. Chinua Achebe daa sabi la: A tiger doesn't proclaim its tigerness; it jumps on its prey).[11] Ka Soyinka mii gba daa sabi yuuni 1960 la lahabali n-ti bɛ ni boli shɛba Horn nima la, "the duiker will not paint 'duiker' on his beautiful back to proclaim his duikeritude; you'll know him by his elegant leap."[12][13]

Dinbɔŋɔ nyaaŋa, shɛli daa na bi lahi n-niŋda hali ka bɛ ni boli shɛli renaissance din daa n-niŋ Négritude la ka daa nyɛ shikuru bihi kuɣila kamani Souleymane Bachir Diagne (Columbia University), Donna Jones (University of California, Berkeley),[14] n ti pahi Cheikh Thiam[15] (Ohio State University) nima ni daa n kpa shɛli la ban zaa daa n tuɣi Abiola Irele (yuuni 1936–2017) tuma la. Cheikh Thiam buku n-nyɛ buku shɛli din mali Négritude baŋsim sabbu pam di puuni. Di nyɛla din lɛbigi Diagne karimbu n-ti Négritude ka di lɛbi baŋsim shɛli din mali viɛlim ni gɔligu di puuni, ka Jones mii gba daa wuhi o tuma puuni ni Négritude nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli lebensphilosophie la.[citation needed]

Anfaani shɛŋa dini lahi n malila
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America tilahilana Benjamin Rush, ŋun daa nyɛ yiliyiina n be United States Declaration of Independence ni bɛ ni boli shɛli early abolitionist la, daa tooi n zooi ka mali lala bachi ŋɔ "Negritude" n tɛhiri dɔr'shɛli din nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛli ni leprosy la zaɣibila ka din ni daa tooi n tibi shɛm nyɛla a lɛbi gbanpiɛlli.[16] Tɔ amaa lala nahingbaŋ ŋɔ daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa nya ka o gabi shɛli karimbu ni.[6] Di yi di daa nyɛla lala n daa yɛn nyɛ din tuma, dinŋuna bɛ ni noli shɛba Afro-Francophones nima ka bɛ nyɛ ban daa n mali Négritude baŋsim la yuuni 20th saha la naan n ku wum di yɛla. Tɔ amaa di zaaha yoli Léopold Sédar Senghor daa bi n saɣi n yɛli ni o mini Aimé Césaire daa n mi lahabaya din din jɛndi gaŋbu mini taɣibutaɣibu shɛŋa din daa be US tingbani.[6]

Sasabira Norman Mailer daa nyɛla ŋun gba zaŋ lala bachi ŋɔ n buɣisi siliminsi ni boli so ni used the term to describe boxer la, George Foreman yaa ni o bɔɣugbila o buku shɛli o ni boli The Fight la ni,ka di wuhiri lahabali lahabalitiri ni daa yɛli n zaŋ kpa yaa'shɛli Ali mini Foreman "Rumble in the Jungle" nima daa wuhi bɛ nina ni daa pali taba Kinshasa, Zaire (din pa nyɛ Democratic Republic of the Congo) silimin gɔli October, yuuni 1974 ni.

Bachi ŋɔ daa lahi nyɛla yiliyiida parindilana Youssoupha, ka o ti o yili yili "Négritude" amaa pɔi ni ŋɔ.

A ni tooi n lahi nya lahabali luɣ'shɛŋa
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Kundivihira

mali niŋ
  1. ↑ Lafon, Cathy (2021-12-10). "Vidéo. Qui était Paulette Nardal, mise à l'honneur ce mardi par Google ?" (fr-FR). Sud Ouest. ISSN 1760-6454. https://www.sudouest.fr/culture/google-lui-rend-hommage-ce-mardi-qui-etait-paulette-nardal-6544584.php.
  2. ↑ Jansen, Jan C.; Osterhammel, Jürgen (2017). Decolonization: A Short History (in English). Princeton University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-4008-8488-9.
  3. ↑ Raisa Rexer (Winter 2013). "Black and White and Re(a)d All Over: L'Étudiant noir, Communism, and the Birth of Négritude". Research in African Literatures 44.4: 1-14. doi:10.2979/reseafrilite.44.4.1. Tɛmplet:JSTOR.
  4. ↑ (2013) "Frantz Fanon and the Négritude Movement: How Strategic Essentialism Subverts Manichean Binaries". Callaloo 36 (2): 342–352. DOI:10.1353/cal.2013.0084.
  5. ↑ Edwards, Brent Hayes (2003). The Practice of Diaspora: Literature, Translation, and the Rise of Black Internationalism. Harvard University Press. pp. 20–38.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 (2020) "Négritude's Contretemps: The Coining and Reception of Aimé Césaire's Neologism". Philological Quarterly 99 (4): 377–98.
  7. ↑ Filostrat, Christian (2008). Negritude Agonistes, Assimilation against Nationalism in the Frenchspeaking Caribbean and Guyane. Africana Homestead.
  8. ↑ (1971) "Problématique de la Négritude". Présence Africaine 78 (2). DOI:10.3917/presa.078.0003.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Sharpley-Whiting, T. Denean (2000). "Femme négritude: Jane Nardal, La Dépêche africaine, and the francophone new negro". Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society 2 (4): 8–17. DOI:10.1080/10999940009362232.
  10. ↑ The title subsequently inspired the name of the Nigerian magazine Black Orpheus — see Peter Benson, Black Orpheus, Transition, and Modern Cultural Awakening in Africa, University of California Press, 1986, p. 24.
  11. ↑ Lauer, Helen; Amfo, Nana Aba Appiah; Anderson, Jemima Asabea, eds. (2011). Identity Meets Nationality: Voices from the Humanities (in English). African Books Collective. ISBN 978-9988-647-96-4.
  12. ↑ Maduakor, Obiajuru (1986). "Soyinka as a Literary Critic". Research in African Literatures 17 (1): 1–38.
  13. ↑ "Tigritude" (en-US). This Analog Life. 2013-08-05. https://jimsligh.wordpress.com/2013/08/05/tigritude/.
  14. ↑ "Donna V. Jones", English Department, University of California, Berkeley.
  15. ↑ Cheikh Thiam Appointed to Dean Post for the School of International Training (2020-01-06).
  16. ↑ Randall, Vernellia R.. An Early History – African American Mental Health. Institute on Race, Health Care and the Law, The University of Dayton School of Law.
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