Dagbani Wikipedia

Everglades National Park

Everglades National park nyɛla America paaki karili din gu ka taɣi wulinluhili polo kamani kɔbiga puuni vaabu pishi puuni zaŋ jɛndi Everglades maŋmaŋa din be Florida puuni. Lala paakiŋo mbarigari America zaa yɔshɛŋa ŋantula kalahi n-nyɛ yɔshɛli ŋanbari n-gari yɔ shɛli kam ŋan be Mississipi mɔɣili dinbe di wulunluhilila pɔlo. Daadamanima kalinli kamani ninvuɣu tusaanu nkaari lala tingbani maa yuuni kam.[1][1]

Everglades National Park
National Park of the United States, tourist attraction, national park
Pahi laEverglades & Dry Tortugas Mali niŋ
Di pilli ni6 Silimin gɔli December 1947 Mali niŋ
Zuliya wuhibuEverglades National Park Mali niŋ
IUCN protected areas categoryIUCN category V: Protected Landscape/Seascape Mali niŋ
TiŋaAmerica Mali niŋ
Din be shɛli polonaMonroe County, Miami-Dade County Mali niŋ
Tiŋgbaŋ yaɣili calinli25°18′45″N 80°41′15″W Mali niŋ
ToondaantaliNational Park Service Mali niŋ
Sana minti niŋbu sheeErnest F. Coe Visitor Center‎, Flamingo Visitor Center, Gulf Coast Visitor Center, Royal Palm, Shark Valley Visitor Center Mali niŋ
Significant eventList of World Heritage in Danger, List of World Heritage in Danger Mali niŋ
Significant placeFlorida City Mali niŋ
Ŋun wuhiraNational Park Service Mali niŋ
Heritage designationWorld Heritage Site, Ramsar site Mali niŋ
Lahabaya dundɔŋ din mali dihitabilihttps://nps.gov/ever Mali niŋ
List of monumentsNational Register of Historic Places listings in Everglades National Park Mali niŋ
World Heritage soli(viii), (ix), (x) Mali niŋ
Lihigu pubuCategory:Views of Everglades National Park Mali niŋ
Category for mapsGeography and ecology of the Everglades Mali niŋ
Map
E-Class

Everglades tiŋgbani paaki karili din pahiri buta zuɣu contiguous United States, Death Valley n ti pahi Yellowstone nyaaŋa. UNESCO daa zaŋla yihila Everglades & Dry Tortugas Biosphere Reserve polo ni yuuni 1976 ka zaŋli pahi World Heritage Site yuuni 1979, ka Ramsar Convention gba kali paaki ŋɔ pahi Wetlands of International Importance ni yuuni 1987. Everglades ko yuli n na nyɛ din be lala yaɣa dibaa ata ŋɔ zaani.[2]

Tiŋgbana paaki nima pam mali la tiŋgbani nahingbana din gahim; Everglades National Park n nyɛ tuuli paaki din yina ni gu ka taɣi tihi ni binkɔbiri biɛhigu. Everglades nyɛla tiŋgbani mahili mini tihi ka deeri kom din zori 0.25 miles (0.40 km) yiri Lake Okeechobee, southwest chani Florida Bay.[3] Paaki ŋɔ n nyɛ luɣishɛli wading birds ni ni tooi waɣi viɛnyɛla North America tingbanni ka mali tihi din galisi wulinluhili tiŋgbani pirigili.[4] Binniɛma balibu pihita ni ayɔbu ka bɛ gu ka taɣi ka bɛ be paaki ŋɔ ni, n ti pahi Florida panther, American crocodile, ni West Indian manatee, ni noonsi balibu kɔbisita ni pihinu balibu (350 species of birds), ko viɛlli mini ko'yɛlim ni zahim balibu kɔbisita (300 species of fresh and saltwater fish), binkɔbiri balibu pihinahi (40 species of mammals), ni binniɛma ban zori tiŋa balibu pihinu (50 species of reptiles).[5] South Florida ko viɛlli pam din be Biscayne Aquifer, nyɛla din kuri bukaata paaki ŋɔ ni.[6]

Ninsalinima be Everglades paaki ŋɔ ni bee di kpaŋsi paai yuun tuha. Bɛ daa kpuɣi niya yuuni 1882 ni bɛ vɔ tiŋgbani mahi maa kom ka zaŋ ni niŋ pukparilim mini biɛhisi sheei. Toontibɔ ni kana 20th century, kom din daa zori yirina Lake Okeechobee daa nyɛla bɛ ni ŋmaligi shɛli ni di soŋsiMiami metropolitan area. Paaki ŋɔ daa zali la yuuni 1934, ni di gu Everglades nyaaŋa labbu, ka zani viɛnyɛla yuuni 1947, ka bɛ daa lahi tuɣi niya ni binkara mɛbu South Florida tiŋgbani ni. Daadama tuuntumsa nyɛla din nahim Everglades National Park tihi ni binkɔbiri, Everglades paaki labi zani di naba zuɣu nyɛla South Florida siyaasatali ni kpɛ shɛli ni.

joograafi

mali niŋ
 
Park map

Everglades National Park deei la tiŋgbani din yɛliŋ paai 1,508,976 acres (2,357.8 sq mi; 6,106.6 km2), zaŋ hali ti gbaai Dade, Monroe, mini Collier tiŋsi din be Florida, toondini polo Atlantic coastal plain.[7]Di dum pili la 0 zaŋ chaŋ 8 feet (2.4 m) n du gari moɣili dum, amaa Calusa-mɛ la binbini Gulf teeku ni,din dum gari moɣili zuɣu 20 feet (6.1 m).

Geology

mali niŋ

Florida toondini polo din teei doya pasi ka pa taba. Siminti tampiŋ kuɣili nyɛla din galisi paaki ŋɔ ni. Florida daa na min be gbansabila yaɣili din nyɛ Gondwana. Di wɔligibu nyaaŋa, ka yɛltɔɣa pam daa chɛ ka bi soŋdi calcium carbonate bihigu ni, ni be zaŋli leei siminti tampiŋ.[8] wɔri zaɣi bihi, tankpaɣu, ni bryozoans ka be laɣim taba ka di niŋ siminiti tampiŋ luɣili din yuli booni ooids, ka di nyɛ din tooi gbubiri kom.[9]

Florida peninsula ŋooi mi yina moɣili zuɣusaa yuma din gbaai 100,000 mini 150,000 din gari la. Moɣili dum ni Wisconsin ice age naabu sheei la, kom maa dum miri la tiŋgbani. Okeechobee kulibɔŋ pili zobu, ka kom din zori ka tahiri nam nimaa ni.[10] Vihigu wuhiya ni kom ŋɔbpili la zobu yuun tuhi pihinu nyaaŋa, 5,000 years ago. Ka nnosi ʒiri di tihi mini mori biɛlim chani Caribbean.[11] Siminiti tampiŋ ŋɔ nyɛla din doya pasi, amaa ka dundu belabela—ka be booni li "pinnacles=—ka kom ŋɔ bochaa shiiri kuɣili ŋɔ. .[12][13]

Climate/Tulim ni maasim

mali niŋ

Köppen climate classification system wuhiya ni , Royal Palm din be Everglades National Park mali la tropical monsoon climate (Am).

Climate data for Royal Palm Ranger Station, Florida, 1991-2020 normals, extremes 1949-present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 92
(33) 		97
(36) 		101
(38) 		102
(39) 		107
(42) 		104
(40) 		102
(39) 		103
(39) 		105
(41) 		106
(41) 		99
(37) 		95
(35) 		107
(42)
Average high °F (°C) 78.0
(25.6) 		80.9
(27.2) 		83.3
(28.5) 		86.4
(30.2) 		89.4
(31.9) 		91.1
(32.8) 		92.5
(33.6) 		92.6
(33.7) 		91.3
(32.9) 		88.0
(31.1) 		83.2
(28.4) 		80.0
(26.7) 		86.4
(30.2)
Daily mean °F (°C) 66.6
(19.2) 		68.7
(20.4) 		70.7
(21.5) 		74.2
(23.4) 		78.0
(25.6) 		81.6
(27.6) 		83.0
(28.3) 		83.5
(28.6) 		82.8
(28.2) 		79.4
(26.3) 		73.5
(23.1) 		69.3
(20.7) 		75.9
(24.4)
Average low °F (°C) 55.1
(12.8) 		56.5
(13.6) 		58.0
(14.4) 		62.0
(16.7) 		66.6
(19.2) 		72.0
(22.2) 		73.5
(23.1) 		74.3
(23.5) 		74.2
(23.4) 		70.9
(21.6) 		63.8
(17.7) 		58.6
(14.8) 		65.5
(18.6)
Record low °F (°C) 24
(−4) 		29
(−2) 		31
(−1) 		37
(3) 		49
(9) 		50
(10) 		66
(19) 		66
(19) 		64
(18) 		49
(9) 		31
(−1) 		27
(−3) 		24
(−4)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 1.70
(43) 		1.82
(46) 		1.93
(49) 		2.85
(72) 		5.84
(148) 		9.00
(229) 		6.82
(173) 		8.57
(218) 		9.01
(229) 		5.55
(141) 		2.39
(61) 		1.88
(48) 		57.36
(1,457)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 6.6 6.5 6.7 6.3 10.9 17.2 17.2 19.2 18.3 12.6 7.8 6.6 135.9
Source: NOAA[14][15]

Hydrography/Tiŋgbani ni kɔm zɔbu baŋsim bɔhimbu

mali niŋ

Tiŋgbani ni ko zaanigu din yuli booni Floridan aquifer bela tiŋgbani ni waɣilim ka mani 1,000 feet (300 m), South Florida.[16] Din gbunni mali la polo din deeri kɔm, ka di do siminti tampiŋ la gbunni. Di kom ŋɔ shɛŋa lurimi di saa ni saa, ka di pam dooni siminti tampiŋ ŋɔ zuɣu. Kɔm ŋɔ liɛbigiri la saa tiri tiŋgbani ŋɔ yaɣi shɛŋa ka tiri ba ko viɛlli. Kɔm lahi zɔri mi kuni paaki ŋɔ ni di yi niŋ ka saa mi n naai tudu polo n ti luri Kissimmee River ni, n-ti pahi Lake Okeechobee yaɣa shɛŋa, ka naan yi ti paai Everglades dabisa nyaaŋa. Kɔm pibigirimi yiri Lake Okeechobee n luri kulibɔŋ din yɛliŋ nyɛ 40 to 70 miles (64 to 113 km) , din chɛni n-miri nini ni ku tooi nya shɛli.[17]

Ecosystem

mali niŋ

Zaŋ kana 20th century, so shɛŋa be ni daa kpuɣi ni be zaŋ guli paaki ŋɔ n nyɛ tingbani baŋsim bohim ni kpɛŋ kamani zoya, geysers, bee canyons. Di ni ni Florida ninsali biɛla galisira ka fɔna din baɣi lɛbigi la.[18] Paaki ŋɔ ni daa zali yuuni 1947, di ni n nyɛ U.S yaɣi shɛli din gu mɔri ni binkobiri tuuli.[19]

Freshwater sloughs and marl prairies

mali niŋ
 
Alligators thrive in freshwater sloughs and marl prairies.

Ko viɛla dooshɛhi n galisi Everglades National Park. Lala ko soya ŋɔ baŋbu nyɛla tingbana din siɣi ka ko viɛla do din ni, ka zori siɣiri kamani 100 feet (30 dabisili puuni.[20] Shark River Slough mini Taylor Slough n nyɛ paaki ŋɔ nahingbaŋ gahinda. Mori. din zoori paari kamani 6 feet (1.8 m) bee n gari, ni mɔri din mali va yɛlima, galisi la Everglades ka be ti li yu paa booni li "River of Grass", din be Marjory Stoneman Douglas's buku ni (1947), din wuhiri o kpaŋsibu zaŋ chaŋ Everglades gari bɔpiɛligu. Noonsi dihibu sheei, bin'niɛma balibu kamani herons, egrets, roseate spoonbills (Platalea ajaja), ibises ni brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis), n-ti pahi limpkins (Aramus guarauna) ni snail kites ban apple snails nyɛla ban be Everglades, n diri mori din be ni la. Bin'niɛma balibu ŋɔ zuɣu, meensi, alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), water moccasin (Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti), and eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) nyɛla ban yiri shɛli polo chɛn ni.[21]

 
A great blue heron along the Anhinga Trail

Bin'niɛma ban be kom ŋɔ ni mali la bi maŋ tabi di siminti tsmpima ŋɔ di yi ti niŋ ka kɔm ŋɔ nyuura.[22] Tihi ni mɔri dii bi too zoori tankpaɣu shɛli di ni boli marl ti bahi paai peat ni, tiŋgbani shɛli ni Everglades kɔm ŋɔ ni bi nyuuri luɣ'shɛli yuuni puli ni. Marl prairies tooi bela kɛm gbunni kamani chira ata zaŋ chaŋ dibaa ayopoin ka sirigima ni tooi mali kɔm gari yuuni chani ni yuun shɛli ni. Mɔri din pahi kamani (Muhlenbergia sericea) gab nyɛla din bemarl prairies.[23] Bin'niɛma ban be kɔma ŋɔ sirigili nim maa shɛŋa ni tooi lahi be marl prairies. Marl prairies ni tooi kuui saha shɛli yuuni puli ni; nyabisi nyɛla ban sɔŋdi bin'niɛma pam di yi ti niŋ ka kɔm nyuui, be gbiri la tiŋgbani ni paari kɔm ka zahima mini kɔm ni bin'niɛma tooi niŋdi nyɛvuli hali ni yuuni din paya. Di yi niŋ ka ko'kpɛɣu kpe siɣili saha, di yi ti niŋ ka tiŋgbani lahi mahigi lala zahima ŋɔ lahi labiri mi yɛli marl prairies ni.[24]

Tropical hardwood hammocks

mali niŋ

Hammocks nyɛla tiŋgbani kuŋ paaki ŋɔ puuni. Di nyɛla din dun du n-gari mɔri ni bili luɣishɛŋa ka mali tihi balibu, kamani (Quercus virginiana). Tihi ŋɔ nyɛla yirigira ka lɛm la ka bin'kɔbiri nandi ni yaa, wild coffee (Psychotria), white indigoberry (Randia aculeata), poisonwood (Metopium toxiferum) ni saw palmetto (Serenoa repens). Tihi tuhi bɔbigu n be paaki ŋɔ ni ka nira yi be katiŋa ka nyɛli di ŋmani la nintam booli. Tihi din be Everglades ka mani, wild tamarind (Lysiloma latisiliquum) ni gumbo-limbo (Bursera simaruba), bi tooi zoori zuɣusaa paari napɔŋ ŋmɛbu pihinu [50) feet] (15 m), ka di nyɛla buɣim, pɔhim ni tulim bee maasim yi ti yaɣi.[25][26]

 
About 160 Florida panthers inhabit hammocks and pinelands of the Everglades.

Di tihi ŋɔ gbuna ni nyɛla biɛhigu shee n-ti binkɔbiri. Waɣiri balibu ti pahi kɔma ni bin'niɛma ka mani American green tree frog, Hyla cinerea), bela "hardwood hammocks". Noonsi ka mani barred owls (Strix varia), woodpeckers, northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis), ni southern bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus) waɣiri la hammock tihi ŋɔ ni. Binkɔbiri ban be hardwood hammocks n-nyɛ Florida black bears (Ursus americanus floridanus), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), minks (Neogale vison), marsh rabbits (Sylvilagus palustris), gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), n-ti pahi, critically endangered Florida panther (Puma concolor couguar).[25]

Pineland

mali niŋ
 
Sunrise on the pine rocklands on Long Pine Key Nature Trail

Miami-Dade County daa mali la tanpiŋ ni tihi din dee polo kamani 186,000 acres (290.6 sq mi; 752.7 km2), amaa ka lumber industry nima yihi di pirigili.[27] Pineland tihi ni binkɔbiri biɛhigu (or pine rocklands) baŋbu nyɛla, "dry sandy loam "limestone substrate, gɔhi din nyɛ "slash pines (Pinus elliottii var. densa)" bili gili li. Tihi din be ni zoori mi ni yori, siminti tanpima ŋɔ ni shii shɛli ka chɛ tankpaɣu ka di chɛ ka tihi tooi zaani no.[28] [29] Tihi ni mɔri ŋɔ shɛŋa nyɛla din diri paari bakoi pia ni ayɔbu (16 weeks) nyaaŋa buɣim yi taai.[30] Pinelands mali la "palm shrubs" mini mori din bindi nahiri tiŋgbani[29]

Pine rocklands n na nyɛ din nyɛ damli pam Florida; Pinelands din bi paai 4,000 acres (6.3 sq mi; 16.2 km2) n be paaki ŋɔ nyaaŋa.[31] Paaki maa puuni, 20,000 acres (31.3 sq mi; 80.9 km2) pineland n nyɛ be ni taɣi shɛli.[32] Binkobiri balibu nyɛla ban nyɛri be bindirigu ni, vuhim sheei. Woodpeckers, eastern meadowlarks (Sturnella magna), loggerhead shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus), grackles, ni northern mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos) nyɛla ban galisi pinelands. "Black bears mini Florida panthers" gba nyɛla ban be ni.[29]

Cypress and mangrove

mali niŋ
 
Alligator in a cypress dome

Cypress tihi nyɛla conifers bini niŋ ka dini tooi be ko viɛli ni saya. Di zoobu nyɛla din kperi tabani ka bolili ni cypress domes ka be strands waɣala over limestone. Kom dubu-tariga ni tooi siɣisi kana cypress domes mini strands, din zuɣu cypresses kpala "knees" din tɔhi-yi kom dubu tariga ha ni di bo vuhim n ti tihi wula. Dwarf cypress tihi nyɛla din zoo-ri tiŋgnani kuŋa ni din tankpa biɛri. Epiphytes, ka maa bromeliads, Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides), orchids ni ferns ti-wula zuɣu ni trunks of cypress trees. Everglades National Park orchids balibu kamaa pishi-ni-anu zuɣu.[33] Cypress tihi din waɣa nyɛla din bɔri teɣu suma n tiri noonsi, n ti pahi wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), ibis, herons, egrets, anhingas (Anhinga anhinga), ni belted kingfisher (Megaceryle alcy). Binkɔbiri bin be cypress rejin n-nyɛ white-tailed deer, squirrels, raccoons, opossums, skunks, swamp rabbits, river otters (Lontra canadensis), ni bobcats, n ti pahi small rodents.[34][35][36]

Mangrove tihi pɔbila Florida nyaanŋa teeku-nima, saha shɛli ka zoori kperi tiŋgban-ni ka di dolila yɛlim kom din be Everglades ecosystems. Di yi ti niŋ wuuni ka kom bi zori cheni teeku ni, mangroves yen yimina pahi ko viɛli tihi ni. Di yi niŋ ka saa niŋ bayana, sawgrass n ti ko viɛli tihi nyɛla din miri teeku ŋɔ. Mangrove thi balibu diba-ata trees—red (Rhizophora mangle), black (Avicennia germinans), mini white (Laguncularia racemosa)—nyɛla dini tooi be Everglades. Di yi ka saɣati beni n ti yɛlim kom, pɔhim, kopaliga din galisi, tulim, ni bayaɣati, mangrove tihi nyɛla dini deei shɛli kam. Bi niŋ di mi ka maa nurseries n ti kom ni bin-nema mini noonsi balibu. Bi lahi nyɛla Florida's tuuli gubu zaŋ kpa hurricanes barina nima, din ko-kpeɣu kom ka guri coastal erosion.[37][38] mangrove system din be Everglades National Park n-nyɛ mangroves system din galisi anduniya zaa.

 
Manatees inhabit shallow water around mangroves.

Florida mangrove systems ŋɔ shee zahim 220 balibu ni be, ni crabs balibu pam, crayfish, shrimp, mollusks, n ti pahi invertebrates, din nyɛ bindirigu nyɛbu shee n ti noonsi pam.[39][40] Noonsi balibu pam zaŋla mangrove ŋɔ ka di nyɛ nurseries ni bindira bɛhigu shee, n pahi pelicans, grebes, tricolored herons (Egretta tricolor), gulls, terns, hawks ni kites, mini arboreal noonsi, ka maa mangrove cuckoos (Coccyzus minor), yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia), ni white-crowned pigeons (Patagioenas leucocephala).[41][42] Mangroves ŋɔ lahi soŋdi amphibians mini reptiles balibu 24, ni binkɔbiri balibu 18, n ti pahi endangered green turtle (Chelonia mydas), hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), mini West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus).[43][44]

Coastal lowlands

mali niŋ

Coastal lowlands bee wet prairies, nyɛla yɛlim kɔm din be fatifati din nyuri "marine" kom di yi ti niŋ ka di dura bee kopaligu din kpɛ di yi ti niŋ ka saa mira. Kom kpɛrimi di yi ti niŋ ka pɔhim mali yaa saha shɛli ka storm surges niŋda di yi ti niŋ ka mɔɣili ŋɔ kom duri tiŋgbani zuɣu pam.[45] Mahali ti yaɣi gba tahiri ko'kpɛɣu na di yi ti niŋ ka kɔm yi tudu polo zo n-chɛŋ Everglades. Tihi biɛla n ŋɔ n ni tooi niŋ nyɛvuli lala yaɣili ŋɔ, amaa tibihi—succulents ni saltwort n ti pahi deeri yɛlim, ni bɔɣlpiɛligu ŋɔ tulim ŋɔ. Binkobiri ban be din ni nyɛvuli doli la kom ni galisi ni shɛm, amaa bikobiri ban tooi be ni n-nyɛ Cape Sable seaside sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis), Everglades snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis), wood stork (Mycteria americana), eastern indigo snake (Drymarchon couperi), ni binkɔb' baligu kamani saba, jɛngbarisi, ti tabili soonsi.[46]

Marine and estuarine

mali niŋ
 
Mangroves reduce coastal erosion and shelter wildlife.

Kɔm din galisi paaki ŋɔ ni n-nyɛ Florida Bay, din yi di "mangrove swamps" zaŋ n-ti "mainland's southern" nyoli ni chaŋ Florida Keys. Teeku ni binyɛra din gari 800 square miles (2,100 km2) n be ni. Coral, sponges, ni seagrasses n-nyɛ bindirigu ni biɛhigu shee ti crustaceans mini mollusks, ka be gba nyɛ bindirigu ti kɔm ni bin'neen kara. Sharks, stingrays, n-ti pahi barracudas gba bela ni. Pelicans, shorebirds, terns, ni black skimmers (Rynchops niger) nyɛla noonsi ban be ni saha kam.[47] Kom maa yɛliŋ sheei gba mali la di zuɣu bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus).[48]

Sandbanks pirigi la di galisim ŋɔ shee ka di leei zahim gbahibu sheei zaŋ ti snook (Centropomus undecimalis), redfish (Sciaenops ocellatus), spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus), tarpon (Megaflops atlanticus), bonefish (Albula vulpes), ni permit (Trichinous falcatus),[49] hali ti pahi snapper (Lutjanus campechanus), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), mini bass.[50] noonsi kamani roseate spoonbills (Platalea ajaja), reddish egrets (Egretta rufescens), ni great white herons (Ardea herodias occidentalis) nyɛla ban mali kalinli din gahim ka dii ka "Florida Bay" ŋɔ ni.[51] Noonsi balibu ban pahi n-nyɛ bald eagles, cormorants, ni ospreys. Binkɔbiri ban be ni n-nyɛ raccoons, opossums, bobcats, n-ti tabili fox squirrels.[52]

Ninsali nin Taarihi

mali niŋ

Native peoples

mali niŋ
 
A Calusa chickee at the Florida Museum of Natural History


Ninsali nima daa nim dabaayi bela South Florida yaɣili ŋɔ yuun tuhi pia 10,000 zaŋ kana yuun tuhi pishi din gari la 20,000 .[53] Zuliya nima ban yi America daa pili la "peninsula southern tip": Tequesta daa bɛla eastern yaɣili ka Calusa, ban kalinlinli galisi, western polo. Everglades nyɛla tarisi n be be sunsuni. Tequesta bɛla tiŋ yiŋa din nyɛ zaɣi titali ka n-baɣi Miami River, ka Calusa mi be tiŋkpansi pihita ni (30 villages). Be bala buyivŋɔ zaa tooi gori chani Everglades amaa ka di lee niŋ tɔm pam ni be ni, ka kpalimdi teeku ni.[53]

Be zuliya dibaa ayɔb ŋɔ zaa diri la zahima ban be wɔri ni ni zahim, binkɔ'bihi, ni tihi din be mɔɣini. Din ni nyɛ siminti tampima din bali la ka bi tooi nyɛri la zuɣu, America nima niɛma pam nyɛla bini zaŋ bin'wɔri, kɔba, dari, ni binkɔbiri nyina mali shɛli; "shark" nyina be daa mali ŋmahiri binyɛra,[54] ni gbungbaŋ din diri ka be daa mali niŋdi piɛma.[55] Shell mounds na nyɛla din be paaki ŋɔ ni, dini n tiri bin'kura vihigu tuma nima daliri din wuhiri be ni daa mali shɛli mɛri be binyɛra. Spanish vihigu nima wuhiya ni Tequesta tuuli daa nyɛla ban kalinli nyɛ 800, ka Calusa mi nyɛ 2,000; National Park Service mi lahabali wuhiya ni be daa naa tooi paai 20,000 m-be Everglades puuni be di kpansi spanish ni daa labi niŋ be vihigu 16th century.[56] Calusa nima bela social strata ka daa tooi nam canals, earthworks, ni shellworks. Calusa daa lahi tooi nyɛŋ Spanish nima ni daa bori di be fa n be tiŋgbani ŋɔ saha shɛli la.[54]

Spanish daa niŋ niŋgbuna ni tinsi ŋɔ ka kpuɣi niiya nima pam hali zaŋ chɛŋ tudu polo, n miri Lake Okeechobee. 18th century saha, kpenkpili nima zaŋla Tequesta nima kalinli ŋɔ liɛbi be dini. Tequesta bee Calusa tribe bala ŋɔ shɛli daa kani zaŋ kana 1800.[57] Doro, tɔbiri, ni daba gbahibu n daa nyɛ din chɛ ka bi zaa kani. Daliri din wuhiri be nimaani biɛhigu kuli nyɛla bin'wɔri din daa pahi mɛ Calusa.[58]

19th century piligu, Creeks, daa yila gbansabila daabilim ni, ni India nima ban yi northern Florida daa nyɛla Creek War ni barigi shɛba, ka be nam Seminole tiŋgbani. Seminole tɔbu nyaaŋa yuuni 1842, ka Seminoles labi mali ʒini Indian territory din baɣi Oklahoma. Ka be tɔhinima bela daa ʒini luɣishɛli be ni pa booni Big Cypress National Preserve, ka di nyɛla be daa je mi ni mi pahi muɣisi taɣi tiŋshɛli la ni.[59] Yuuni 1859 zaŋ chaŋ 1930, Seminoles mini Miccosukee, ban ŋmani taba ka be zuliya yɛltɔɣa wɔli, nyɛla ban wɔligi beni, ka diri kohimma ni damma ni. Yuuni 1928, buɣisibu mini mɛbu daa pili Tamiami Trail, tuduu polo boda zaŋti Everglades National Park. Di palli pirigila Everglades.[60]

Miccosukee mini Seminole bala ŋɔ shɛba na nyɛla ban be paaki ŋɔ tarisi ŋɔ shɛhi. Ka ban gbubi paaki bori sɔŋsim zaŋ chɛŋ so shɛŋa din yɛn gbubi paaki ŋɔ. Din yɛn chɛ ka be bi saɣim paaki ŋɔ daliri nima.

American settlements

mali niŋ

Seminole tɔbu nyaaŋa, Amerika nima daa oilibla bɛ maŋ wɔligi chaŋ ti mɛ teeku din be paaki ŋɔ ni la, din gbaai Ten Thousand Islands zaŋ chaŋ Cape Sable. Tinsi pam zani ya lala tiŋgbani kara dibaa ayi ŋɔ ni, Chokoloskee Island ti tabili Flamingo din be Cape Sable, di zaa zali la "post offices" 'yuma din gbaai 1890s piligu.[61] Chokoloskee Island nyɛla bin'wɔri ni mɛ shɛli, midden din mɛ kamani 20 feet (6 m) dubu Calusa nima daabiligu saha yuuntuhi gbaliŋ. Yanima din be Chokoloskee mini Flamingo nyɛla daabiligu shee ti salo ban pɔra, kamani pukpariba, zahim gbahiriba, ni sali nyoriba ban be Ten Thousand Islands. Lala yanima ŋɔ daa nyɛla ban wɔlidi ti be bɛ ko ka shitima nima ko n ni tooi chaŋ paai ni poi ka di naan yi ti neei 20th century. Everglades City, daanyɛla din nyɛ toontibo pam di piligu yuuni 1920, ni n daa nyɛ "headquarters" zaŋ ti Tamiami Trail malibu ni. Pali biɛɣu din yi Florida City chaŋ Flamingo yuuni 1922, ka causeway chaŋ ti gbaa Chokoloskee n yiri Everglades City yuuni 1956.[62][63] Paaki ŋɔ zalibu nyaaŋa, ʒɛngama yili nima bini din be Flamingo nyɛla eminent domain ni daa zaŋ shɛli niŋ be dini, ka be daa zaŋli pahi paaki ŋɔ ni ka di niŋ saamba biɛhigu shee.[61]

Land development and conservation

mali niŋ
 
A canal lock being constructed in the Everglades in 1906

Soya Pam daa nyɛla dini kpiɣi shɛli ni di yihi kom ka lɛbigi Everglades yuuni 1880 ni. Ko soya tuuli dini daa niŋ Everglades daa nyɛla din barina bi galisi dama di nyɛla dini daa too vori ndi kom maa pam.[64] Napoleon Bonaparte Broward daa nyɛla ŋun kuli zaŋ o yuuni 1904 jintori tali kuɣu bobu n kuli yo dini yɛn niŋ shɛm ka kom maa vo " The Empire of the Everglades".[65][66] Broward daa nyɛla ŋun puhi ni bi vo kom maa, din daaa niŋ yuuni 1905 ni 1910 sunsuuni, ka di daa nyɛ din niŋ tabata pam hali ka tingbani lɛbigirba daa nyɛ ban kohi paliti, Lee ni Dede $30 acre kam zuɣuni. Ko soya maa daa lahi nyɛla din yihi kom ka daa di soli zaŋ ti paliti ka di ko sugarcane.[67][68][69][70]

Yuuni 1920 ni, niribi daa nyɛla ban zoogi pam South Florida ka du nyɛ din che ka kpa Florida land boom, ka sasabira Michael Grunwald daa buɣisili ka di nyɛ " Insanity".[71][72] Paliti daa nyɛla dini kohiri shɛli tiri niriba poi ka mɛbu naan yi mɛ dizuɣu ka saha shɛli gba poi ka niri naa yi gbaagi niya ni o mɛ.Ban su paliti ka bi ni ŋmɛri ni bi nya liɣiri pam , daa nyɛla ban niŋ yom n mɛ yiya ni tiŋ bihi dini daa kuli vo kom ka che pali shɛŋa. Mangrove tihi din daa be kuli noya daa nyɛla dini sibi shɛŋa din kuli yɛn che ka neebu neegi ka daa zaŋ kpikpali tihi zali di zaani. U.S Army Corps of Engineers daa nyɛla ban ko so kara mɛbu dinkuli yɛn niŋ ka di mali kom ni daa kuli duru shɛm Everglades ni niŋ.

Di bahi bahindi lala ŋo zaa, Okeechobee moɣili CAA nyɛla din daa kuli duri ka sheera, tiŋ maa das nyɛla saa ni kuli mi n lim shɛli, ka ban su tiŋ maa zahimbu fukumsi daa kuli nyɛ ban tuhiri kom maa. Yuuni 1926 Miami Hurrucane daa nyɛladin che ka Okeechobee levees lu, ka niribi kobiga ban daa be moɣili maa nudirigu daa nyɛ kom maa ni di shɛba.Yuma ayi nyaaŋa, yuuni 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane daa nyɛladin di niribi ban kalinli daa nyɛ 2,500 nyavili, dini daa niŋ ka moɣili kom maadaa lahi nyɛ dindu n gari di ko taɣirisimaa. Jintoriba ban daa yɛliti ni Everglades daa pala luɣi shɛli niribi ni ni too ʒini daa nyɛla baŋ koŋ yɛligu dini daa niŋ ka gooni dubu bu nahi, Herbet Hoover Dike, daa nyɛ bin mɛ shɛli gili Okeechobe moɣili maa. Lala gooni ŋo daa nyɛla dun kuli ŋmaagi kom maa ni yirina shʋli ka che Everglades.[73][74]

Dini daa mɛ gooni maa nyaaŋa, South Florida daa nyɛla din nyɛ ko kpaɣu din nimmohi daa naan too che ka buɣim yerisi niŋ yuuni 1939. Niribi kpɛbu daa nyɛla din mali barina zaŋ ti binkobiri ni tihi ban daa be yaɣili maa dini daa niŋ ka melaleuca tihi ( Melaleuca quinquenervia) daa nyɛ dini sa shɛŋa ni di soŋ ka kom yira, ni Australian pines nima shɛŋa dini daa zaŋna ni di ti nyɛ windbreaks.Yaɣili maa tihi daa nyɛla dini ŋma shɛŋa niŋ taabo dari.ŋmana,lona, wuhi ni zahima daa nyɛla niribi ni kuli gbahiri shɛli pam. Ŋman daa nyɛla dini ŋmɛri shɛba yihiri bi kobiri ka zaŋdili niŋdi paɣibi zipila 20th century piligu.[75][76] Niribi ni daa nyɛ shɛli n daa nyɛ kom daa nyɛla din lahi ka Everglades. Ko soya daa nyɛla dini yɛligi ka waɣiligi shɛŋa, ka kom maa daa lu pam, ka daa kuli tahi gamo na food webs.[77][78] Yɛlim kom daa nyɛla din zani ko maŋli zaani ko soya ŋo ni, ka di daa ti yɛn paagi yuuni 1997 tabiibi nima da nyɛmi ka yɛlim kom daa nyɛ din nyuuri kpɛri Biscayne Aquifer, luɣi shɛli South Florida nim ni das nyɛri kom.[79]

Yuuni 1940s ni, Marjory Stoneman Douglas, ŋun daa nyɛ sasabira ka daa lahi nyɛ lahibali tira zaŋ ti The Miami Herald daa nyɛla ŋun pili vihigu zaŋ kpa Everglades.

O daa nyɛla ŋun kpahim tiŋ maa ni kom maa yuma anu ka daa zaŋ o nyabu wuhi salo The Everglades: River of Grass yuuni 1947, n buɣisiri yaɣili maa viɛnyɛlinga hali ti zaŋ gbas saha shɛli dini daa lahi kani. O daa sabiya " Din daa kuli nyɛ moɣili zaŋ ti mori ni ko nyaɣisili ka daa ti lala nimaani maa nyɛvili ka che ka di gahim yi di ko saha waɣila ka niri daa ka ʒishee ni das nyɛla dini zaŋ biɛm ni saɣingu n kpe shɛli ka di daa ti leegi buɣim moɣili".[80][81] Kundu maa daa nyɛla dini kohi shɛli ka di kalinli nyɛ 50,000, ka Douglas daa nyɛ ŋun daa kpaŋdi o maŋ tiri tingbani biɛhigu daa nyɛla ŋun nye yupaa " Grand Dame of the Everglades", " Grandmother of the Everglades" ni " the anti-Christ" dama o daa kuli nyɛla ŋun zaɣa be tiŋ maa ni gari jintori tali.[82][83][84] O daa nyɛla ŋun pili ʒɛngama yili laɣingu ka daa lahi nya ŋun nyɛ di zuɣulana, lala laɣingu ŋo yuli n daa nyʋ Friends of Everglades, tuuli di daliri daa nyɛmi ni bi tuhi zaɣisi Big Cypress jetport shɛli dini daa yɛli ni di yɛn mɛmi yuuni 1968.Bi ni daa di nansara, laɣingu maa daa nyɛla din zoohi ka mali niribi ban kalinli gari 4,000, ban niŋ nimmohi ni bi gbibi Everglades viɛnyɛla.[85] O daa nyɛla ŋun sabi ka di fiila zaŋkpa Everglades talahi ni nyɛ shɛli hali ni o kum saha o ni daa nyɛ yuma 108 yuuni 1998 ni.

Park history

mali niŋ
 
Cape Sable seen from Sentinel-2 Satellite

Floridians bin daa mali tahama ni be kuli taɣa Everglades luɣushɛli sɔŋ daa piligu fabila zaŋ chaŋ nam tɛri ni naari shɛm 20th century piligu. Royal Palm State Park daa nyɛla bini kpa yuuni 1916; di daa gbaai trails ni gɔbuna yaɣali shee ka di be katiŋ ni Homestead. Miami-based naturalists daa tuui buɣisi ni yaɣali ŋɔ leei national paaki yuuni 1923. Yuma anu nyaanga, Florida jintɔriba kpa Tropical Everglades National Park Commission din yɛn yaɣali bini taɣi sɔŋ ŋɔ.[86][87] Lala komosini ŋɔ kpɛm n daa nyɛ Ernest F. Coe, tiŋgbani lebigira ŋun leei ŋun yaɣari sɔŋda, bini daa boli so yu paa ni Father of Everglades National Park.[88] Coe's tuuli plaŋ zaŋ kpa paaki polo daa gbaa din gari 2,000,000 acres (3,125.0 sq mi; 8,093.7 km2) n pahi Key Largo and Big Cypress, ni o ni daa zaŋsi saɣim paaki kpabu. Bingba daa kuli mali kɔrisi, n ti pahi tiŋgbani lebigiriba ni diɛma ni yiɣi jam tohinima, daa bɔri ni paaki ŋɔ galisim filim.[89][90]

Komisin ŋɔ daa nyɛla bini puhi ni be ni bo soshɛli din yɛn laɣam laɣari n da polo ŋɔ.[91][92] Di vihigu ŋɔ daa  chirigi Great Depression paabu na United States, ka laɣari din daa yɛn da polo ŋɔ nyɛ din pɔra.[93] U.S. House of Representatives zaŋ ti tiŋgbani ŋɔ paaki pali kpabu silimin goli May 30, 1934, amaa Act (HR 2837),[94] din nyɛ din taɣari politi soŋda bini ti ka nyɛla zaa dini bee konko dini, ka mali tirila ŋun ni wuhi ni laɣari pala din ni tuma ŋɔ ni di kuli bi yuui yuma anu.[95][96] Coe's passion and U.S. Senator Spessard Holland's politiisi daa sɔŋ n pa kpa paaki ŋɔ zaa, Holland ni daa tooi di daa ni 1,300,000 acres (2,031.2 sq mi; 5,260.9 km2) zaŋ ti paaki ŋɔ, ka che Big Cypress, Key Largo, Turner River area, ni 22,000-acre (34.4 sq mi; 89.0 km2) polo ŋɔ "The Hole in the Donut" din daa galisi ni kpailim yɛtɔɣa. Miami Herald editor John Pennekamp daa kpaŋ o maŋa n bɔri Florida Legislature tohi $2 million n daa polo din be paaki ŋɔ puuni.[97] Di zaŋ n ti President Harry Truman silimin goli December 6, 1947, goli nyaaga Marjory Stoneman Douglas's book The Everglades: River of Grass daa nyɛ bini zaŋ bahi.[98] Lala yuuni maa yaɣa, tropical storms pam daa nyɛ din ŋmɛ South Florida, ka tahi 1,400 miles (2,300 km) canal, ka zaŋdi din ka buukata bahiri teeku ŋɔ ni.[99]

Lahabali kɔligu:Everglades Pinelands.jpg
The park protects the last stands of pine rockland in Florida.

Central and Southern Florida Flood Control Project (C&SF) daa nyɛla bini yooi soli n ti ni bi mɛ canals mini ko-kpeɣu duri n gili South Florida South. C&SF, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ni su shɛli, daa kpa kparilim yaɣali ka di be Lake Okeechobee nyaanga, ni kom taɣarisi diba-ata yaɣa, ka di zaa nyɛ canals ni be di tarisi ka daari kom din puuri bahira n kpari tiŋ kara polo bee Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico bee Florida Bay. Yaɣali ŋɔ din nyɛ daadam malibu nyaanga ka Everglades National Park daa be, din nyɛ di kom nyɛbu soli ni daa ŋmaa bahi. Zaŋ chaŋ 1960s, paaki ŋɔ daa pili saɣimbu. C&SF daa nyɛla bini yɛli ni be bɔm kom pam din yɛn taɣa paaki ŋɔ zali; di daa bi tooi yi.[100] Alapile paaki bini daa buɣisi daa nyɛla din daa naan mali dire environmental effects tiŋgbani din be Everglades National Park daa leei tobu gɔŋu ni din daa soŋsi yihi  environmental movement n ti niŋ local mini national politics. Alapile paaki ŋɔ daa nyɛla bini che, ka yuuni 1972 zali kpani daa yina ni di che lebigimsim  South Florida ka kpam jandi ni paaki ŋɔ kom shɛli dini bɔri maa. Kpaŋa-maŋ daa niŋya ni di bo maligu n ti saɣimbu din daa nyɛ gbubidi suŋ kalinsi ni tahina. Army Corps of Engineers daa taɣi di hankali yuuni 1990 n yi moɣa bɛbu mini canals n labi "purely environmental projects".[101]

Rejins din daa pun be Ernest Coe's tehani zaŋ n ti paaki daa nyɛla yuma din gari  bini daa zaŋ pahi paaki ŋɔ ni bee luɣi shɛŋa bini gu n zali. Biscayne National Park, Big Cypress National Preserve, John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park on Key Largo, Ten Thousand Islands National Wildlife Refuge, mini Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary zaa daa nyɛla bini guli paaki ŋɔ ni daa yooi yuuni 1947. Silimin goli November 10, 1978, 1,296,500 acres (2,025.8 sq mi; 5,246.7 km2), kamaa 86% of the park, daa leei wilderness area. Di daa labi mi boli the Marjory Stoneman Douglas Wilderness in 1997.[102][103] Everglades National Park daa nyɛla bini zaŋ leei International Biosphere Reserve silimin goli October 26, 1976. Bi daa sabili pahi UNESCO World Heritage Site silimin goli October 24, 1979, ni Wetland of International Importance silimi goli June 4, 1987.[104] Bi daa zaŋli pahi List of World Heritage in Danger yuuni 1993 hali ni 2007 ni yaɣa yuuni 2010.[105] Paaki ŋɔ daa lahi nyɛla bini zaŋ pahi ka di nyɛla dini ku labiri nyaanga ka wuhiri alaama ni eutrophication (kotomsi kamaa algal blooms) din daa mali barina n ti kom bin nɛma ka di che ka US gɔmnanti suhi UNESCO mini IUCN nbo soŋsim zaŋ kpa lebigim-sim polo.[106]

Park economics

mali niŋ

Everglades National Park daa ti la be di laɣ' dibo ni laɣ' nyɛli sɔya lahabali puuni yuuni 2005 ka di gari $28 million. Di puuni, $14.8 million ka National Park Service nima daa ti ka $13.5 million mi yina yaɣa kamani CERP, tibu, ni ban sɔŋ sɔŋ.[107] Be ni daa dɛhiri loori nima kpɛbu ni liɣiri yuuni 2021 yiɣisila $30. Ban daa go n chɛŋ Everglades National Park yuuni 2006 daa gari miliyɔŋ, niriba ban kalinli gari 38,000 ban daa gbɛri ni yuŋ, ka yɔri $16 yuŋ kam bee $10 zaŋti ban gbɛri di nyaaŋa.[108] Samba di liɣiri kamani $2.6 million[107] n-niŋ paaki ŋɔ ni, $48 million niŋ sambani polo daabiligim ni.[109] Tuma din yaɣi 900  ka paaki ŋɔ ti niriba, ka lahi pahi tiŋ ŋɔ kɔhimma ni damma yaa $35 million .[109]

Leadership and administration

mali niŋ

Ninvuɣi pia ni awɔi n yuli/gbubi Everglades National Park tum din zani di naba zuɣu yuuni 1947. Ŋun yuli li tuuli n-nyɛ, Daniel Beard (1947-1958), ŋuni n lahi nyɛ ŋun yuli li yuui. Beard nyaaŋa, ka Warren F. Hamilton gbubi li yuuni 1958 mini 1963, ka C. Joseph (1963-1966) doli na, Roger W. Allin (1966-1968), John C. Raftery (1968-1970), Joseph Brown (1970-1971), Jack E. Stark (1971-1976), John M. Good (1976-1980), John M. Morehead (1980-1986), Marueen E. Finnerty (o daa na zani la so zaani, 1986), Michael V. Finley (1986-1989), Robert L. Arnberger (O daa na zani la so zaani, 1989), Robert S. Chandler (1989-1992), Dick Ring (1992-2000), Marueen E. Finnerty (2000-2003), Dan Kimball (2004-2014), Shawn Benge (O daa na zani la so zaani, 2014), Bob Krumenaker ( 2014-2015), ka Pedro Ramos kana bahigu, bɛ ni daa pii so yuuni 2015 ka o na nyɛ ŋun gbubi li.[110][111][112][113]

Bɛ daa zaŋ la paaki ŋɔ pahi yaɣili I (Region I) yuuni 1937, lala yaɣili ŋɔ ni daa na yoli kpa. "Region I" nyɛla bɛ ni daa labi boli shɛli Southeast Region yuuni 1962, ka bɛ daa labi mɛ li Southeast yaɣili yuuni 1995.[114] ka di chɛ ka yaɣi pali li yina "Region 2".[115]

Activities

mali niŋ

December hali ni March yuuni pulini n nyɛ saha shɛli bin kan-na dini nimohi, din saha ka tulim ni maasim bala, ka duunsi gba di ka yaa. Paaki ŋɔ bela yaɣa diba anahi bini chena: Tamiami Trail (U.S. Route 41 yaɣali) din ku be Miami wulinluhili  n-nyɛ Shark Valley Visitor Center. A fifteen-mile (24 km) soli yirimi kpe ŋɔ n cheni  two-story observation tower. Tram tours nyɛla din nyɛla di beni busy season maa saha. Din miri Homestead n be State Road 9336 nyɛla Ernest F. Coe Visitor Center, dini ka 38-mile (61 km) pali piligira, n chani hali ni pine rockland, cypress, freshwater marl prairie, coastal prairie, and mangrove ecosystems. Bini yara balibu din guri chandi nyɛla din be pali ŋɔ zuɣu, din chaŋ hali ni Flamingo Visitor Center mini marina, ka bi yoo dili saha ŋɔ nimohi tam yuuni kam. Gulf Coast Visitor Center nyɛla din miri Everglades City din be State Road 29 n doli wulinluhili teeku-noli. Gulf Coast Visitor Center tirila ŋarim duhiriba soli ka be kperi Wilderness Waterway, ŋaruŋ soli waɣalim 99-mile (160 km) din yɛligi hali ni Flamingo Visitor Center. Paaki.ŋɔ wulinluhili polo teeku mini Ten Thousand Islands ni island din yi polo ka be Florida Bay nyɛla sitima ko ni ni too dola.

Trails

mali niŋ
 
A view of vast sawgrass expanse north of the Anhinga Trail gives visitors an opportunity to see a freshwater slough up close.

So gburagbura dolibu tɔm nyɛla din mali balibu balibu Pine Island no, saamba ni ni tooi yaɣi Hardwood hammocks, pinelands, freshwater sloughs shɛŋa. Di piini la "Royal Palm Visitor Center", Anhinga so gburima gurima nyɛla maali pirigili din wuhiri soli zaŋ chaŋ "sawgrass marsh" saamba ni tooi nyɛ aligeeta nima shɛli, "marsh mini wading birds", meensi, n ti pahi "bromeliads". Di biɛhigu ŋmani la yiŋa ka di zuɣu chɛ ka di nyɛ paaki shɛli niriba ni na chaŋ nyaŋ paaki kam. Gumbo Limbo so gbura gbura din baɣi li la gba nyɛla soli din wuhiri niriba din kuni shɛli (is also self-guided), maali pirigili waɣilim. Di niŋ la zaɣi bili ti yi "canopy of hardwood hammocks" n ti pahi gumbo limbo, royal palms (Roystonea), strangler figs (Ficus aurea), epiphytes balibu.[116]

So gbura gbura ŋɔ pili mi ni maali pishi ni anii(45 km) dolisi "Long Pine Key campgrounds" ka ka gɔŋ ti yi Long Pine Key, di niŋ la viɛyɛla zaŋti offroad cycling zaŋ chaŋ "pine rocklands" din be "Marjory Stoneman Douglas Wilderness" yaɣili. Daribo dibaa ayi beni ka saamba ni tooi doli li chaŋ cypress forest din be Pa-Hay-O-Kee, ka "story overlook" dibaa ayi gohili, n ti pahi Mahogany Hammock (referring to Swietenia mahagoni) din ʒiri ban dooni so waɣinli chani "dense forest" din be ko viɛlli "marl prairie" sunsuuni.[117] Flamingo baɣiliŋga, so gbura ni yɛlimaŋli lahi mali saamba chani mangrove swamps, zaŋ doli Florida Bay. Christian Point Trail, Snake Bight Trail, Rowdy Bend Trail ni Coastal Prairie Trail allow nyɛla nira ni ni tooi nyɛ shorebirds mini wading birds ni ban pahi be mangroves ŋɔ ni. Saha shɛŋa beni ka so gbura gbura ŋɔ ku tooi doli yuuni puli ni, ka di nyɛla duunsi mini kom kpɛbu. Ranger-led lihigu kani na mi nimmohi saha .[118]

Camping and recreation

mali niŋ

Kana ti doni nyɛla din beni yuuni pulini saha kam Everglades National Park. Kana ti doni ni tuma pam nyɛla din be Long Pine Key, din miri Ernest F. Coe Visitor Center, luɣi shɛli 108 yaɣa loori ni tooi dola. Ayi miri Flamingo, 234 kana ti doni ni tuma shɛŋa nyɛla din gba beni. Recreational vehicle nyɛla din be yaɣa ŋɔ, amaa ni ka ni tuma din gba zaa. Back-country permits nyɛla bini bɔri kana ti doni yaɣa n ti pahi Wilderness Waterway, Gulf Coast sites, ni yaɣa din din be ni maa. Back-country yaɣa pam nyɛla chickees; ka shɛŋa mi teeku ni tiŋgbani yaɣa.[119] Low-powered motorboats nyɛla bini saɣiti shɛli paaki ŋɔ ni; yɛlim kom yaɣa nyɛla no-wake zones din ku too gu manatees ni kom ni bin niɛnbihi bin pahi ka chɛ barima. Jet skis, airboats ni nyɛla bini bi zaɣiti shɛli. So gburagbura pam saɣti kayaks ni ŋaruŋ nima. Tiŋ gbani shɛhili nyɛla bini bɔri shɛli pɔi ka anaa pili zahim gbahibu. Kom shɛhira gbana pala bini kɔhiri shɛli paaki ŋɔ ni, amaa yɛlim kom shɛhira gbana din nyɛla din ni tooi beni. Kom duɣili nyɛla bini bi saɣiti shɛla paaki ŋɔ tarisi; water moccasins, snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina), alligators, and crocodiles bela ko viɛli ni.Sharks, barracuda, ni sharp dangerous coral nyɛla bin galisi yɛlim kom ni. Nyɛbu nyɛla din bi yaɣi laa yɛlim kom ni mini ko viɛli zaa.[120] Everglades National Park nyɛla yaɣali din mali bukaata pam n ti Great Florida Birding Trail. Di nyɛla din mali bin-namdi bɔbugu ni noonsi bali bɔbugu zaŋ ti noonsi lihibu mini noonsi anfooni nima ŋmahibu.

Dark skies site

mali niŋ
 
Twenty second exposure of the Milky Way from the road to Flamingo

Everglades National Park yaɣi shɛŋa nyɛla Sagban sabila South Florida polo.[121][122] Di nyabu viɛnyɛla nyɛla Everglades wulinpuhili mini wulinluhili polo, kamani Flamingo mini Ten Thousand Islands. Din ŋmani miliki la neeri ki ayi lihiri li toondini polo.[123]

Threats to the park and ecology

mali niŋ

Diversion and quality of water

mali niŋ
 
Bromeliads flourish on bald cypress trees as a great egret hunts in the water

Di nyyaŋa labbu nyaaŋa Evergrades din za di naba zuɣu bɛ lahi paai kɔbigu puuni vaabu pihinu (50 percent). Noonsi ban be ni kalinli labi la nyaaŋa kamani vaabu pihi wɔi kɔbigu puuni (90 percent),bɛ kalinli ni daa nyɛ shɛm 1940s zaŋ chaŋ 2000s labi la nyaaŋa.[124] Kom ŋmaligibu zaŋ chaŋ South Florida tiŋgbani yaɣa shɛŋa din na zoori din mali barina zaɣiyini ti Everglades National Park's. Yuma din gbaai 1950s mini 1960s, 1,400 miles (2,300 km) of canals mini levees, 150 gates ni spillways, n ti pahi 16 pumping stations ka bɛ daa mali ni kom doli li chani tiŋ'kara ni ka lahi ʒiri li yiri Everglades. Kom yi ti vuui zahima niŋdi la bindirigu ti noonsi mini kom ni binniɛn shɛba, ka di mori kuura ka di zuɣu ni tooi chɛ ka lala mori ŋɔ kpi bee n di buɣim, ka di gba zuɣu ni tooi ku kɔte nima bee noonsi ni diri binniɛnbihi shɛba.[125] Noonsi kalinli kuli luri mi ka yiɣisira; Yuuni 2009, South Florida Water Management District daa buɣisiya ni South Florida noonsi kalinli sheei la tiŋa 335 percent.[126] Bɛ kalinli pahibu yuma ata nyaaŋa, The Miami Herald lahabali yuuni 2009 daa wuhiya ni noonsi ban be paaki ŋɔ ni sheei la tiŋa 29 percent.[127]

Tiŋsi din be Florida teeku wulinluhili polo nyɛri la komdesalinization ni; tiŋgbani maa ku tooi tiba ko'shɛli bɛ ni bora. Nitrates din be kom ŋɔ gbunni mini mercury galisim gba nyɛla din soŋdi ka paaki ŋɔ nyɛri ko'suŋ.[125] Yuuni 1998, bɛ daa nyɛla Florida panther ni kpi n-be Shark Water Slough, di mercury galisim ni tooi ku ninsala.[128] Algal blooms mini red tide din be Biscayne Bay nyɛla din wuhiri kom din yirina Lake Okeechobee.[129] Yɛltɔɣa shɛŋa bɛ ni mali tiri saamba Everglades National Park n nyɛ din wuhiri, "Freshwater flowing into the park is engineered. Puɔmpi nima soŋsim, kom yibu shɛhi, ko shɛŋa din miri paaki maa ka zori luri din ni, Everglades , alive but diminished."[125]

Urban encroachment

mali niŋ

Vari din galisi dɔ paaki ŋɔ wulinpuhili polo n wuhiri boda lai din be tiŋpuni mini yaɣashɛŋa bɛ ni gu ni, amaa tiŋgbani yɛligi kpɛ lala yaɣa ŋɔ nyɛla din mali barina ti li. Ninvuɣi tuha kuli kpɛri la Florida tiŋgbani ni biɛɣukulo kam ,[130] ka mɛri yanima, daabiligu mini tuma tumbu shɛhi,ko dohishɛhi nyɛla din miri Everglades National Park ŋɔ. Paaaku ŋɔ wulinluhili polo, Fort Myers, Naples, ni Cape Coral nyɛla din yɛligira, amaa vari ka ni wuhiri di boda.[131] National Geographic zahim la Everglades National Park mini Big Cypress National Preserve ka di nyɛ paaki shɛŋa din yaa na be tiŋgbani North America yaɣili, di dɔ la bu pihita ni ayi 32 kɔbigu puuni 100. Bɛ zahim la paaki pihinu ni anu (55 parks) zaŋ chaŋ sustain tourism polo, di biɛhgu sheei viɛlim, ni bɛ ni gbubi di paaki shɛm. Baŋdiba ban daa niŋ lala daa yina ni rizɔsi ka yɛli siminsili ni: "Encroachment by housing and retail development has thrown the precious ecosystem into a tailspin, and if humankind doesn't back off, there will be nothing left of one of this country's most amazing treasures".[132]

Endangered and threatened animals

mali niŋ
 
The American crocodile has notable differences from the alligator. Habitat destruction and vehicle collisions are some of the largest threats it experiences.

Bɛ ni gu ka taɣi binniɛn shɛba paaki ŋɔ ni nyɛla balibu pihita ni ayɔbu, ka bɛ shaba nyɛvuli niŋbu kuli nyɛ nyɛvuli pɔhili.

United States tiŋgbani ni, American crocodile's bela South Florida ko. Bɛ daa gbahiba saha shɛli pam, ka ni nyɛla bɛ gbana zuɣu. Saha ŋɔ bɛ pa gumi ka taɣiba ka chɛ gbahibu. Amaa bɛ na kuli bela nyɛvuli pohili ni di ni niŋ ka ka bɛ saɣindi bɛ biɛhiti sheei la ka naan yi chɛ loori nima ni ŋmɛri kuriba bɛ pala baai yaɣi chaŋ ti nyu kom ni. Nyɛbisi kamani 2,000 n be Florida, kamali kamani tiɛri kɔbiga (100) n be Everglades mini Biscayne National Parks.[133] South Florida nyɛbisi kalinli pahiri la saha kam kamani "alligator" nima ni galisi shɛm. Bɛ daa labi mi pu nyɛbisi yi "endangered" ni tahi "threatened" zaŋti United States yuuni 2007.[134]

Florida panther n nyɛ binkɔbi so ŋun dii bi yoli dunia yaaŋa zuɣu. Kamani bɛ kalinli kɔbishii ni pihita 230 n be di mɔɣini, Everglades mini Big Cypress Swamp.[135] Din gbarigiri panther nima ŋɔ galisim n-nyɛ bɛ yɛla biɛhigu sheei saɣimbu zaŋ mali daadama biɛhigu sheei, loori nima pirimbu, binyɛra gbahibu, doritu ti pahi mercury poisoning.[136]


Miɛnsi balibu dibaa anahi ban be ni n-nyɛ Atlantic green sea turtle, the Atlantic hawksbill, the Atlantic loggerhead (Caretta caretta), n ti pahi Atlantic ridley (Lepidochelys kempii),bɛ dii bi zaa zooi biɛhigu ni. Yaha, leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) nyɛla ban be nyɛvuli pɔhili ni. Bɛ kalinli nyɛla din baŋbu niŋ tɔm, di ni niŋ ka zaɣilɔri mini zaɣi bihi ni bi labiri bɛ ni dɔɣiba shɛli la zuɣu; bɛ zaɣi nyama nyɛri la gala luɣi yiŋga yuuni kam. Biɛhisi sheei wurimbu, sɔɣi gbahi, ni zahima gbahibu yiriŋ nyɛla din mali barina ti bi biɛhigu.[137]

Cape Sable seaside sparrow nyɛla ban filim Everglades National Park mini the Big Cypress Swamp.[138] Yuuni 1981 6,656 Cape Sable seaside sparrows lahabali ka bɛ daa ti Everglades boda nima, amaa yuun pii (10 years) sabbu daa wuhiya ni noonsi tusaayi ni kɔbisi yɔbu ni pishi ni ayi 2,624 filimbu n daa buɣisi yuuni 2002.[139] Nimmohi zaŋ chaŋ ko'maŋli vɔ n-kpɛ paaki ŋɔ ni na nyɛla din mali nangbani kpɛɛni; Cape Sable seaside sparrows waɣiri mi niŋdi tiŋgbani ni kamani napɔŋ bɔɣili tariga, ka kom kpɛ n ti yaɣi ni tooi tum ba chuuta, ka lahi mali barina ti snail kite baa dii bi zooi biɛhigu ni.[140] Everglades snail kite diri la apple snails, Everglades koŋko n nyɛ United States luɣishɛli noonsi ban gbahiriba ni be. Shɛhira nima beni wuhiri ni bɛ kalinli ni tooi pahira, amaa bɛ biɛhigu shɛhi saɣimbu mini bɛ bindirigu chɛ mi ka bɛ lihiri bɛ kalinli kɔbisi ni.[141]

West Indian manatee nyɛla bɛ ni yihi shɛba ban dii kani ni pahi ban be nyɛvuli pɔhili ni. Shitima nima pirimbu mini mini bɛ biɛhigu shɛhi saɣimbu n nyɛ muɣisigu.[142]

Drought, fire, and rising sea levels

mali niŋ

Buɣum tooi taari ka di pani so n nyɔri li,amaa di mali la yaa kom yi ti vuui. "Hardwood hammock" ni cypress trees" n nyɛ buɣim ni tooi nyaŋ di shɛli pam, ka di ni tooi niŋ yuun gbali pam ka tooi lahi zooi.[143] Peat shɛli bɛ ni mɛ yuun gbaliŋ nyaaŋa " marsh" ni ni tooi chɛ ka buɣim ni tooi di n kpɛ tiŋgbani ni. Yuuni 2007, Fred Sklar zaŋ ti South Florida Water Management District yɛliya ni: "ni tiŋgbaŋ kuŋ ni tooi nyɛ kamani catastrophic din nyɛ volcano. Din tooi labi taɣi tiŋgbani biɛhigu zaa. Din tooi zaŋ yuun kɔbiga 1,000 yearszaŋ mali "peat", ka ni tooi zaŋ bakɔi yini saɣim[144]

Global warming ni tahiri kɔ'kpɛɣu shɛli na nyɛla dahinshɛli ha barina zaŋ ti paaki ŋɔ . Tum yuuni 1932, Key West kom nyɛla din duri yaɣiri kamani 0.7 feet (0.2 m) , ka di daa naan tooi mali barina ti tiŋgbani shɛŋa din miri mɔɣili ŋɔ.[145] Bɛ buɣisiya ni zaŋ chaŋ yuun kɔbisinu nyaaŋa (500 years) Everglades National Park ko viɛla din beni yɛn kpalim la ko'yɛlim, gbaa yihila Everglades northernmost yaɣili . Laɣishɛli bɛ ni buɣisi ni din tooi labi mali Tamiami Trail mini Alligator Alley mini kodɔrikɔ nima nyɛla zoola kɔbi gbaliŋ.[146]

"Trump Administration" puuni, Florida Department of Transportation, mini Everglades National Park, niya nima beni ni bɛ tuɣi ka naai kom yɛli muɣisira la, ni paaki ŋɔ yaɣishɛŋa. Bɛ daa yɛli la di naabu yɛltɔɣa silimin goli September yuuni 2020, ka daa yɛli ni di pili la silimin goli November yujni 2020, ka tu ni di naai zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 2024.[147]

Non-native species

mali niŋ
 
A struggle between a Burmese python and an alligator

Binniɛma ba yiri shɛli polo kpɛri paaki ŋɔ ni nyɛla yɛli muɣisirili. "Biological controls" pam ka mani tiŋgbani taɣibu, doro, ni daabihi ban gbahiri binyara dii ka Everglades, ka di chɛ ka bɛ kalinli galisiri gari din ni tu shɛm. Buɣisibu, 26 percent zaŋti noonsi, reptiles, zahima, ni Binkobiri n nyɛ ban be Florida toondini polo gari U.S polo luɣili kam (Florida are exotic—more than in any other part of the ka lahi nyɛ din mali tihi pam dunia yaaŋa zuɣu.[148]

Binniɛma balibu ban miini Everglades yomyom, ka yɛligiri yomyom tooi gari ti binniɛma ban pun be ni ka lahi mali barina yuli n booni, "invasive". Tihi balibu tuha n nyɛ din be South Florida, ka bɛ tooi mali li dihiri pala nachiinsi, but amaa di tu ni bɛ zaŋ lala tihi ŋɔ niŋ melaleuca tree (Melaleuca quinquenervia), Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius), ni Old World climbing fern (Lygodium microphyllum).[149] Ŋmali, binniɛma kani ŋmahiri binniɛma ŋɔ paaki ŋɔ ni ka chɛri bi ka di zuɣu chɛ ka bɛ dɔɣiri pam pam ni yom. Lobate lac scale insects (Paratachardina pseudolobata) kuri la tuturi ni dari din kpɛma hammocks. Bromeliad beetles (Metamasius callizona) saɣim la bromeliads ni binniɛma ni bikobiri biɛhigu shɛ shɛli bɛ ni gbubi maa.[150]

Walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) ni tooi nyahi aquaculture stocks ka bi ʒiri enteric septicemia.[151] Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) kali la "Reptiles of Concern" dibaa anii, n ti pahi Burmese python (Python molurus bivittatus), n zaŋ zaɣa ni bɛ ni bɛ galisim ni nintulinsi, ka chɛ ka tɔhi shɛba ban mali lansiisi kuri bɛ ni kali binniɛn shɛba ti kohiri bɛ nima ni bɛ gbana[152][153] Burmese pythons, African rock pythons (Python sebae; northern and southern) balishɛli dibaa ayi, ni yellow anacondas (Eunectes notaeus) daa nyɛla bɛ ni mɔŋ shɛba ʒin kpɛ U.S. yuuni 2012. United States Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar daa moli la bɛ yihibu paaki ŋɔ ni Everglades National Park.<ref>Segal, Kim (January 17, 2012).

U.S. bans imports of 4 exotic snake species, CNN. Din daa labi teei January 17, 2012.</ref> Exotic species gubu ni gubu ni gbubbu lu mi ti U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, din laɣisiri ka wuligiri lahabali zaŋ chaŋ invasive species tum 1994. Invasive species gu ka taɣi diri la $500 million yuuni zuɣu ni, amaa 1,700,000 acres (2,656.2 sq mi; 6,879.7 km2) tiŋgbani di be South Florida na nyɛla din be barina ni.[154]

Lihi pahi

mali niŋ

Bibliography

mali niŋ
  • Davis, Jack (2009), An Everglades Providence: Marjory Stoneman Douglas and the American Environmental Century, University of Georgia Press (2009). ISBN 0-8203-3071-X
  • Douglas, Marjory (1947). The Everglades: River of Grass. Florida Classics Library. ISBN 0-912451-44-0
  • Ferriter, Amy; Serbesoff-King, Kristina; Bodle, Mike; Goodyear, Carole; Doren, Bob; Langeland, Ken (2004). Chapter 8E: Exotic Species in the Everglades Protection Area, South Florida Water Management District
  • Grunwald, Michael (2006). The Swamp: The Everglades, Florida, and the Politics of Paradise. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-5105-1
  • Hammer, Roger (2005). Everglades National Park and the Surrounding Area: A Guide to Exploring the Great Outdoors, Morris Book Publishing, LLC. ISBN 978-0-7627-3432-0
  • Lodge, Thomas (2005). The Everglades Handbook: Understanding the Ecosystem. CRC Press. ISBN 1-56670-614-9
  • McCally, David (1999). The Everglades: An Environmental History. University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2302-5
  • Robertson, Jr. William (1989). Everglades: The Park Story. Florida National Parks & Monuments Association, Inc. ISBN 0-945142-01-3
  • Rodgers, LeRoy; Bodle, Mike; Laroche, Francois (2010). Chapter 9: Status of Nonindigenous Species in the South Florida Environment, 2010 South Florida Environmental Report (Volume I), South Florida Water Management District.
  • South Florida Water Management District (2010). Chapter 6: Ecology of the Everglades Protection Area. 2010 South Florida Environmental Report: Volume I—The South Florida Environment. Retrieved on May 26, 2010.
  • Tebeau, Charlton W. (1955). The Story of the Chokoloskee Bay County and the Reminiscences of Pioneer C. S. "Ted" Smallwood, University of Miami Press.
  • Tebeau, Charlton W. (1963) They Lived in the Park: The Story of Man in the Everglades National Park, University of Miami Press.
  • Tebeau, Charlton W. (1968) Man in the Everglades, University of Miami Press. ISBN 978-0-87024-073-7
  • Whitney, Ellie et al., eds. (2004). Priceless Florida: Natural Ecosystems and Native Species, Pineapple Press, Inc. ISBN 978-1-56164-309-7
mali niŋ

Kundivihira

mali niŋ
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/management/statistics.htm
  2. ↑ Maltby, E., P.J. Dugan, "Wetland Ecosystem Management, and Restoration: An International Perspective" in Everglades: The Ecosystem and its Restoration, Steven Davis and John Ogden, eds. (1994), St. Lucie Press. ISBN 0-9634030-2-8.
  3. ↑ Whitney, p. 167.
  4. ↑ Everglades National Park. National Park Service.
  5. ↑ Robertson, pp. 27, 21, 38.
  6. ↑ A few locations in Palm Beach County, primarily Highland Beach, get their fresh water from the Floridan aquifer, treating the high saline and mineral content before providing it for human use. (Town of Highland Beach Water Quality Report (2014). Retrieved on April 25, 2017.)(Lodge, p. 39.)
  7. ↑ https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/upload/NPIndex2012-2016.pdf
  8. ↑ Lodge, p. 3
  9. ↑ Everglades Geology. National Park Service.
  10. ↑ McCally, pp. 9–10.
  11. ↑ Whitney, p. 108.
  12. ↑ McCally, pp. 12–19.
  13. ↑ Lodge, pp. 37–38.
  14. ↑ NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
  15. ↑ Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
  16. ↑ Whitney, p. 166.
  17. ↑ Whitney, pp. 167, 169.
  18. ↑ Davis, pp. 366–369.
  19. ↑ Everglades National Park / Dry Tortugas National Park Archived Silimin gɔli March 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Superintendent's Report, 2008 Fiscal Year. Retrieved on May 26, 2010.
  20. ↑ Robertson, p. 9.
  21. ↑ Lodge, pp. 25–31.
  22. ↑ Whitney, p. 164
  23. ↑ Lodge, pp. 29–32.
  24. ↑ Lodge, p. 35.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Hardwood Hammocks. Florida Museum of Natural History (April 12, 2017).
  26. ↑ Tropical Hardwood Hammock. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1999).
  27. ↑ National Park Service (2005). "Habitats in the Park" (brochure).
  28. ↑ Robertson, p. 11
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. "Pine Rocklands: Multispecies recovery plan for South Florida Archived Silimin gɔli November 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine".
  30. ↑ Whitney, p. 107
  31. ↑ Whitney, pp. 105–107
  32. ↑ Hammer, p. 8.
  33. ↑ Glacier, Mailing Address: PO Box 128 West. International Designations - Glacier National Park (U.S. National Park Service) (en).
  34. ↑ KUCHLER TYPE: Cypress savanna (2007-08-06).
  35. ↑ "10", White Papers, University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 10–10, retrieved 2022-12-14
  36. ↑ 1680-1761., Guyse, John, (MDCCLVI. [1756]). A collection of seventeen practical sermons on various and important subjects Preached and Published separately on divers Occasions, but mostly out of Print. To which is added, a ministerial exhortation. Serm. I. The Evil of Self-Seeking, on Philip. II. 21. Page 1 II. God's Alarm to Great Britain, on Amos III.2. p. 25 III. Youth reminded of a Judgment to come, on Eccles. XI. 9. p. 50 IV. Youth's Obstructions in their Way to Christ and Eternal Life, on Matt. XIX. 22. p. 77 V. Early Seekers of Christ Directed and Encouraged, on Prov. VIII. 17. p. 104 VI. And yet there is Room, &c. on Luke XIV. 22. p. 131 VII. A Religious Education recommended, on Prov. XXII. 6. p. 156 VIII. The Improvement of Present Time, on Eccles. IX. 10. p. 182 IX. The Tendency of Liberality to Riches, and of Covetousness to Poverty, on Prov. XI. 24. p. 203 Serm. X. Reformation upon the Gospel Scheme, on Heb. IX. 10. Page 227 XI. The Minister's Plea for the People's Prayers, on 1 Thess. V. 25. p. 256 XII. The Character of Gospel Ministers, on 1 Cor. IV. 1. p. 280 XIII. The Excellency of a judicious Love, and of Sincerity, &c. on Phil. I. 9, 10, 11. p. 306 XIV. The Faith and Order of the Gospel recommended, on Col. II. 5. 327 XV. The Reasonableness and Advantage of a Believer's dying, on John XI. 25, 26. p. 349 XVI. Christ the Believer's Life and Death his Gain on Phil. I. 21. 377 XVII. The Unchangeable Duration of God's Kindness and Covenant, on Isaiah Liv. 10. p. 405 XVIII. A Ministerial Exhortation on I Tim. IV. 16. p. 428 By John Guyse, D. D. printed for Edward Dilly at the Rose and Crown in the Poultry; and sold by J. Buckland at the Buck in Pater-Noster Row, and T. Field at the Wheat-Sheaf, Cheapside. OCLC 1326177204. Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  37. ↑ (1977-08-01) "HHE determination report no. HHE-76-78-416, Peyton Packing Company, El Paso, Texas.".
  38. ↑ autore., Alberti, Leon Battista,. [Opere varie in volgare]:. Della Famiglia. Libro III (cc. 1r-58v);. Canzone (c. 59r/v);. [Frottola d'amore] (cc. 59v-62r);. [Madrigale] (c. 62v);. Teogenio. Dialogo in due libri (cc. 63r-90v). OCLC 1322105382.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  39. ↑ "APPENDIX", Poulenc, Yale University Press, pp. 292–293, 2020-04-28, retrieved 2022-12-14
  40. ↑ 1777-1860., Leake, William Martin, (1824). Journal of a tour in Asia Minor ... John Murray. OCLC 939430618.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  41. ↑ "295-296", Zahlung und Zahlungssicherung im Aussenhandel, DE GRUYTER, pp. 295–296, 1976-12-31, retrieved 2022-12-14
  42. ↑ 1538-1612., Guarini, Battista, (MDCCXVIII. [1718]). Il pastor fido tragicomedia di Battista Guarini Cavaliero di S. Stefano. per Giovanni Pickard. OCLC 1328581489. Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  43. ↑ "Craterostomum", Encyclopedia of Parasitology, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 297–297, retrieved 2022-12-14
  44. ↑ 1944-, Hannay, Margaret P., (1990). Philip's phoenix : Mary Sidney, Countess of Pembroke. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536335-7. OCLC 252585699.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  45. ↑ Whitney, p. 163.
  46. ↑ Wet Prairie. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1999).
  47. ↑ Marine & Estuarine Ecosystems. National Park Service.
  48. ↑ Common Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) Florida Bay Stock (PDF) (Report). NOAA. December 2009. Retrieved August 5, 2016.
  49. ↑ John Brownlee (April 22, 2013). "Florida Bay and Everglades National Park: Flats-Fishing Paradise" (en). Salt Water Sportsman, Bonnier Corporation. https://www.saltwatersportsman.com/florida-everglades-national-park-flats-fishing-tips#page-3.
  50. ↑ "Fishing". nps.gov. National Park Service. September 25, 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
  51. ↑ (1989) "Population Trends in Some Florida Bay Wading Birds". The Wilson Bulletin 101 (3): 436–457.
  52. ↑ Florida Bay Bistro. National Park Service.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Tebeau (1963), p. 17
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Tebeau (1963), p. 19.
  55. ↑ Robertson, p. 55
  56. ↑ {{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/ever/historyculture/nativepeoples.htm |title=Native Peoples |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=November 18, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111172029/https://www.nps.gov/ever/historyculture/nativepeoples.htm |archive-date=November 11, 2007 |url-status=dead }}
  57. ↑ Tebeau (1963), p. 23.
  58. ↑ Native People. National Park Service.
  59. ↑ Tebeau (1963), p. 28.
  60. ↑ Tebeau (1963), p. 31.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Pioneer Settlements. National Park Service.
  62. ↑ Tebeau (1955), pp. 6, 15, 21, 59.
  63. ↑ Tebeau (1968), pp. 37, 142–65
  64. ↑ p. 82
  65. ↑ "312", Frühromantik, De Gruyter, pp. 312–312, 1992-09-01, retrieved 2022-12-14
  66. ↑ Verfasser, Agnesa, Gianni. 312 P forse la più bella Ferrari da corsa = 312 P : Ferraris vielleicht schönster Rennwagen = 312 P : one of Ferrari's most beautiful racers. ISBN 978-3-947156-19-1. OCLC 1124965113.
  67. ↑ "[Map]", Unfortunate Emigrants, Utah State University Press, pp. 318–318, retrieved 2022-12-14
  68. ↑ 1930-, Doyle, John P., (2012). On the borders of being and knowing : some late scholastic thoughts on supertranscendental being. Leuven University Press. ISBN 94-6166-068-5. OCLC 828140152.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  69. ↑ Everglades National Park's 50th Anniversary (2008-03-04).
  70. ↑ Archive copy.
  71. ↑ "Nystatin", Neonatal Formulary, Malden, Massachusetts, USA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp. 178–178, retrieved 2022-12-14
  72. ↑ (Peter), Draxl, P. (1983). Skew fields. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-36100-3. OCLC 839305373.
  73. ↑ (2005-10-01) "Erratum: Diabetes Spectrum 2005 Oct; 18(4): 195-195". Diabetes Spectrum 18 (4): 195–195. DOI:10.2337/diaspect.18.4.195. ISSN 1040-9165.
  74. ↑ v.Chr., Terentius, P. (Publius), ca 195-159/158 (1954). P. Terentii Afri Comoediae. Kerle. OCLC 905440928.
  75. ↑ "131-132", Dictionaries and the Authoritarian Tradition, DE GRUYTER, pp. 131–132, 1973-12-31, retrieved 2022-12-14
  76. ↑ 1926-, Abel-Smith, Brian, (1964). The hospitals 1800-1948 pp. 131-132. OCLC 1107732871.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  77. ↑ "INDEX", Love's Confusions, Harvard University Press, pp. 201–203, 2005-12-31, retrieved 2022-12-14
  78. ↑ 1898-1990., Sauvy, Alfred, (1977). Cout et valeur de la vie humaine. Hermann. ISBN 2-7056-5854-8. OCLC 299360629.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  79. ↑ "The Christian Science Monitor", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-11-27, retrieved 2022-12-14
  80. ↑ "Part Introduction", Chocolate, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 375–375, retrieved 2022-12-14
  81. ↑ W., Carroll, Scott P. Fox, Charles (2008). Conservation biology : evolution in action. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530679-8. OCLC 263493436.
  82. ↑ Davis, Jack E. (2003-01-01). "‘Conservation is now a Dead Word’: Marjory Stoneman Douglas and the Transformation of American Environmentalism". Environmental History 8 (1): 53–76. DOI:10.2307/3985972. ISSN 1084-5453.
  83. ↑ "JSTOR", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-11-20, retrieved 2022-12-14
  84. ↑ Davis, Jack E. (2003). "‘Conservation is now a Dead Word’: Marjory Stoneman Douglas and the Transformation of American Environmentalism" (in en). Environmental History.
  85. ↑ "Tampa Bay Times", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-10-13, retrieved 2022-12-14
  86. ↑ Menander, "Frags. 208, 209", Menander: A Commentary, Oxford University Press, retrieved 2022-12-15
  87. ↑ 1829., Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 1772-1834. Works. Selections. 1830. Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 1772-1834. Works. Selections. (1827–1857). The Keepsake. Published for the proprietor by Hurst, Chance and Co. OCLC 606755576.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: date format (link)
  88. ↑ Everglades Digital Library.
  89. ↑ Menander, "Frags. 208, 209", Menander: A Commentary, Oxford University Press, retrieved 2022-12-15
  90. ↑ 1829., Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 1772-1834. Works. Selections. 1830. Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 1772-1834. Works. Selections. (1827–1857). The Keepsake. Published for the proprietor by Hurst, Chance and Co. OCLC 606755576.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: date format (link)
  91. ↑ Martins, S. M. (2022-12-13). "Accuracy and economic evaluation of screening tests for undiagnosed COPD among hypertensive individuals in Brazil". npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine 32 (1). DOI:10.1038/s41533-022-00303-w. ISSN 2055-1010.
  92. ↑ 1969-, Etingof, P. I. (Pavel I.), (2005). The dynamical Yang-Baxter equation, representation theory, and quantum integrable systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-152392-5. OCLC 252698392.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  93. ↑ Klinkenberg, Jeff (December 7, 1997). "50 Years of Everglades National Park". St. Petersburg Times. Floridapage=1A.
  94. ↑ https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/73rd-congress/session-2/c73s2ch371.pdf
  95. ↑ Martins, S. M. (2022-12-13). "Accuracy and economic evaluation of screening tests for undiagnosed COPD among hypertensive individuals in Brazil". npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine 32 (1). DOI:10.1038/s41533-022-00303-w. ISSN 2055-1010.
  96. ↑ 1969-, Etingof, P. I. (Pavel I.), (2005). The dynamical Yang-Baxter equation, representation theory, and quantum integrable systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-152392-5. OCLC 252698392.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  97. ↑ pp. 212–214
  98. ↑ pp. 206–215
  99. ↑ Klinkenberg, Jeff (December 7, 1997). "50 Years of Everglades National Park". St. Petersburg Times. Floridapage=1A.
  100. ↑ . 252.
  101. ↑ pp. 275–276.
  102. ↑ https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/upload/NPIndex2012-2016.pdf
  103. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20181113065657/https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/upload/NPIndex2012-2016.pdf
  104. ↑ Homestead, Mailing Address: 40001 State Road 9336. Park Statistics - Everglades National Park (U.S. National Park Service) (en).
  105. ↑ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. World Heritage Committee inscribes Everglades National Park on List of World Heritage in Danger (en).
  106. ↑ Everglades returns to UNESCO list of global heritage sites in danger (en) (2010-07-30).
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 Everglades National Park/Dry Tortugas National Park: Superintendent's Annual Report (2005)
  108. ↑ Fees & Reservations. National Park Service.
  109. ↑ 109.0 109.1 Stynes, Daniel (November 2007). "National Park Visitor Spending and Payroll Impacts 2006." U.S. Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation and Resource Studies; Michigan State University; and National Park Service Social Science Program.
  110. ↑ National Park Service: Historic Listings of NPS Officials.
  111. ↑ Everglades National Park. Shawn Benge Appointed Acting Superintendent - Everglades National Park (U.S. National Park Service) (en).
  112. ↑ Everglades National Park. Bob Krumenaker Appointed Acting Superintendent - Everglades National Park (U.S. National Park Service) (en).
  113. ↑ Everglades National Park. Pedro Ramos Selected as New Superintendent - Everglades National Park (U.S. National Park Service) (en).
  114. ↑ Administrative Histories | Park History Program.
  115. ↑ What We Do (U.S. National Park Service) (en).
  116. ↑ Hammer, pp. 28–32.
  117. ↑ Hammer, pp. 40–53.
  118. ↑ Hammer, pp. 64–69.
  119. ↑ pp. 33–35, 100–104, 147
  120. ↑ pp. 22–23, 25–26
  121. ↑ "Lightscape / Night Sky". National Park Service. July 27, 2015. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
  122. ↑ "Everglades are ideal to view night sky". December 4, 2009. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
  123. ↑ "Light Pollution Map - Dark Site Finder". Retrieved October 29, 2018.
  124. ↑ Grunwald, p. 202.
  125. ↑ 125.0 125.1 125.2 National Park Service (2005). "Everglades." (Brochure)
  126. ↑ SFWMD (2010), p. 6-1.
  127. ↑ Sessa, Whitney (March 1, 2009). "Taking A Dive: The Wading Bird Population at Everglades National Park Dropped by 29 Percent in 2008 ...", The Miami Herald, State and Regional News.
  128. ↑ Stephenson, Frank (1998). Florida's mercury menace. Florida State University Research in Review.
  129. ↑ Morgan, Curtis (September 24, 2006). "Mass of green algae is creeping into Biscayne Bay". The Miami Herald (Florida). Domestic News.
  130. ↑ Florida's population could increase to nearly 26 million by 2030
  131. ↑ Grunwald, pp. 363–366
  132. ↑ Hamashige, Hope (July 27, 2005). "Surprise finds top list of best national parks". National Geographic News (National Geographic Society). http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/06/0627_050627_bestparks.html.
  133. ↑ American crocodile. University of Florida.
  134. ↑ Morgan, Curtis (March 20, 2007). "Crocodiles remain rare but are no longer endangered". The Miami Herald (Florida). Domestic News.
  135. ↑ Florida panther. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission.
  136. ↑ Florida panther. Defenders of Wildlife.
  137. ↑ Sea turtles. Defenders of Wildlife.
  138. ↑ So you Want to Know More About ... Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow Archived Silimin gɔli March 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved February 12, 2008.
  139. ↑ Species Spotlight: Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
  140. ↑ Morgan, Curtis (November 1, 2006). "Officials move to protect Fla. habitat of endangered bird". The Miami Herald (Florida). Domestic News.
  141. ↑ Snail Kite Rostrhamus sociabilis. Enature.com.
  142. ↑ Florida manatee. Defenders of Wildlife.
  143. ↑ A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named brochure2
  144. ↑ Morgan, Curtis (April 12, 2007). "Drought could cripple Everglades' life". The Miami Herald (Florida). Domestic News.
  145. ↑ Lodge, p.100.
  146. ↑ Lodge, p.254.
  147. ↑ Contract Awarded for Completion of Tamiami Trail Next Steps Project. Tɛmplet:PD-notice
  148. ↑ Ferriter, et al. (2004), p. 1.
  149. ↑ Rodgers, et al., pp. 9–2.
  150. ↑ Howard, F.W.; Pemberton, Robert; Hamon, Avas; Hodges, Greg; Steinberg, Bryan; Mannion, Catherine; McLean, David; Wofford, Jeannette (November 2002). Lobate Lac Scale, Paratachardina lobata lobata (Chamberlin) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Kerriidae), University of Florida IFAS. Retrieved on February 3, 2010.
  151. ↑ Brogan, Christine (September 30, 2003). Walking Catfish (Clarius batrachus), Columbia University Introduced Species Summary Project. Retrieved on February 17, 2010.
  152. ↑ "FWC creates special season for capture and removal of reptiles of concern". Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission/WCTV. February 22, 2010. http://www.wctv.tv/home/headlines/84949187.html.
  153. ↑ Rodgers, pp. 9–15.
  154. ↑ Florida Invaders, National Park Service and Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Retrieved on February 3, 2010.
Di yila "https://dag.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Everglades_National_Park&oldid=92531"